Conference Notes 9-10-2014

Experimenting with new format today.  About 5  take home points for each lecture

Burns (visiting professor)    Transfusion Safety

1.  In general, Less is More when you are considering transfusions.  U.S. physicians transfuse more blood products than European and Canadian physicians due to individual practice variation being greater in the U.S.   Recent studies have shown that increasing # of units transfused of any blood product correlates directly with increased mortality, length of stay and wound complications even when controlled for patients’ severity of illness.

2.  Patient outcomes are better with a transfusion threshold of HGB=7 rather than 8 or 10 unless a patient is having ACS.   Harwood comment: Is 8 really better than 7 for ACS?  Dr. Burns: Yes there is data that the mortality is less for ACS at a transfusion trigger of  HGB=8 rather than 7.  When you do transfuse, only transfuse a single unit and then re-assess before deciding to give a second unit.

3. Transfusion trigger for normotensive upper GI bleeds is HGB=7.    The study that this recommendation is based on stipulated that EGD would be performed within 6 hours.  Girzadas comment: If you are seeing a patient at night and EGD won’t happen for several hours should you make the trigger 8?   Dr. Burns:  This is a clinical decision.  I may make sense to transfuse at 8 if EGD won’t be available for several hours.

4.  Think of a blood transfusion as a liquid transplant. Stored blood cells become more sticky and inflexible.  Stored blood acts as a nitric oxide scavenger that causes vasoconstriction. Dr. burns showed arterioles in a patient that received transfused blood and you could see the vasoconstriction.   Stored blood is also pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic.  It is unknown how long blood can be stored before these types of changes progress to the point of affecting  patient outcome. 

5. TRALI (transfusion associated acute lung injury)  is the #1 cause of transfusion related death.   TACO (tranfsuion related circulatory overload) is #2 and likely to soon overtake TRALI.  Physicians frequently volume overload patients with blood transfusions.

 

*TRALI

 

* General Transfusion Guidelines

Permar      STEMI Conference

Thanks to Dr. Trale Permar for sharing his EKG slides!

1.  Prinzmetal’s angina is due to focal coronary vasospasm. EKG can show ST segment elevation.   It is not associated with coronary artery plaques.  It can cause arrhythmias.  Occurs predominantly in younger women smokers. Associated with other vasospastic diseases such as Raynaud’s and migraines.

 

*Prinzmetal’s EKG with ST elevation in AVL

2.  Myocarditis can be due to bacterial, viral, autoimmune or medication causes.  Clinical picture can present like a STEMI with ST changes and elevated troponin.   It can also look like acute decompensated heart failure.   Cardiac biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis.   Paul Silverman said they don’t routinely due biopsy because it has not been shown to improve outcome.  MRI can be useful to diagnose myocarditis.   Rule of thumb: You diagnose peri-myocarditis at your peril.  If it looks like a STEMI, treat it like a STEMI and take patient to the cath lab.

3.  Patient with severe anemia had a globally ischemic EKG.  ABG is the best test in our ED to rapidly get a HGB.  The treatment is PRBC transfusion.   Paul Silverman said he would not take a severely anemic patient to the cath lab.  The need for blood and resuscitation takes patient out of the mandate for a 90 minute door to needle time.  You have time in these patients to resuscitate them.  Harwood comment:  This patient did not have a STEMI.  She has global ischemia due to anemia.  She needs PRBC replacement.

 

*Global Ischemia due to anemia EKG

4.  STEMI and RBBB:   Any ST elevation in RBBB is always abnormal.    The key is where the ST segment starts.   It has to be at least 3 small boxes out from the start of the QRS (120ms).

 

*RBBB & STEMI (inferior ST elevation)

5.  Tall T wave in V1 > V6 is a early indicator of ischemia.

 

*Tall T wave in v1

6.  AVR ST elevation with diffuse ST depression is an indication for Cath Lab was the consensus of the cardiologists present.   It is an indication of multi-vessel disease.

 

*AVR ST Elevation with lateral ST depression

7. There is no longer a strong indication to give 600mg of Plavix in the ED for acute STEMI's.  The cardiologists can give brylenta in the cath lab instead.  This lowers the risk of bleeding for patients who end up going to CABG.   This is cardiologist dependent so speak with them about their preference.

Febbo/Harwood      Oral Boards

Case 1.  Weakness after large meal including some alcohol.  Diagnosis was hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.  Patient developed V-Tach while in the ED.   Critical actions: Give beta-blocker, give KCL, and synchronized cardioversion for the V-Tach.  Teaching points: This disease is due to a mutation in potassium channels (channelopathy). EKG in this case showed U waves due to hypokalemia.  Asian patients are most common.  95% are males. Associated with exercise, carbohydrate load, etoh, and stress.  Episodes last on average about 13 hours.  You have to be cautious on how much potassium you give, because patients can have a rebound hyperkalemia. Probably give 40meq.  Give propranolol in 1 mg doses.

 

*Hypokalemic and hyperkalemia EKG changes. U wave becomes more prominent with worsening hypokalemia

Case 2.  14yo female with blurry vision.  Normal Vitals.  Patient also has headache.  Physical exam showed papilledema.  LP demonstrated an opening pressure of 280mm H2O.    Diagnosis is idiopathic intracranial hypertension.   Critical actions: CT scan of head followed by LP to check opening pressure. Teaching points: Most commonly identified in obese females. It can cause blindness.  Look for other papilledema causes.   Visual fields have to be checked because that is the earliest eye finding. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension can be related to oral contraceptives, vitamin A, and steroids.  Patients can report hearing intracranial noises or pulsatile tinnitus.  Opening pressure has to be checked with the patient laying on their side.  Diamox is the initial treatment. Surgical treatment includes stenting of the venous sinus, optic nerve sheath fenestration, or a  CSF shunt.

Case 3. 50yo male with 2 days of wrist pain.  No history of trauma.  Xrays are negative.   Joint aspiration performed.   Synovial fluid shows gout.  Critical actions: wrist xray, pain management, and arthrocentesis. Teaching points: Gout cocktail= hi dose ibuprofen 800 QID, single dose of po colchicine 0.6 mg, 10 mg of po decadron, and norco.   This cocktail is advocated by Jim Roberts of Roberts & Hedges fame. 

 

*Uric acid crystal

 

*Calcium pyrophosphate crystal

Htet   Trauma Lecture  Facial Trauma

50yo Female with facial injuries due to MVC.  Pt had multiple facial fractures.

1.  Airway is at risk due to airway edema, loss of mandibular or facial bone support, aspiration, avulsed teeth, and bleeding.

2.  Endotracheal intubation preferred over nasotracheal intubation.  Best approach is video laryngoscopy unless bleeding severely obstructs video view.  If so, attempt direct laryngoscopy.   You can use intubating LMA as a bridge device.   Surgical cricothyrotomy is your go-to rescue technique if intubation is impossible.   If you have time fiberoptic intubation may be an option.   All faculty present felt that retrograde intubation techniques were “relegated to the dust bin of history”

3.  Manual in-line stabilization is superior to a c-collar in minimizing movement of c-spine and giving optimal view of the airway during intubation.

 

*Manual in-line stabilization C and D

4. CT head is 90% sensitive for picking up facial fractures.   Panorex can pick up alveolar ridge and mandibular fractures that CT max-face can miss.

5.  Fractures that require admission: Nasoethmoid,  zygomatic arch,  Lefort,  and Tripod fractures.

 

*Nasoethmoid fractures

*LeFort Fractures

6. Dr. Omi comments:  Defining/diagnosing facial fractures is not clinically important initially.  Manage the airway first!   Identify and manage other life threatening injuries next.  After all that you can start to work up facial fractures.

Paik    Safety Lecture

2 Psychiatric patients: 1 escaped from ED, the other was suicidal and was in her room for a prolonged period of time with no sitter.

1.  There are 30,000 suicides per year and 5% occur in hospitals.  At least 50% of the suicides that occur in hospitals result in a lawsuit.  These are high-risk patients.

2.  Be sure psychiatric patients have their clothing and belongings taken from them.

3.  Be sure every patient has a sitter.

4. Having a physical ED space for psychiatric patients that is capable of being locked would be useful to prevent patients absconding from the ED.

Conference Notes 8-27-2014

Thanks to Christine Kulstad for her help writing the Conference Notes this week!

Lovell      Study Guide   

2 complications of eczema: Ipetigo (superimposed infection )  Eczema herpeticum is a supra-infection of herpes of eczema lesions.

 

*eczema herpeticum

Mnemonic for ossification sites of pediatric elbow, CRITOE: Capitellum, Radial head, Internal (medial) Epicondyle,  Trochlea,  Olecranon, External (lateral) epicondyle.   Girls ossify at 1,3,5,7,9,11 years.  Boys ossify at 2,4,6,8,10,12.

Any posterior fat pad on the elbow film is abnormal.   Very prominent anterior fat pad is usually abnormal.     Anterior humeral line should bisect the middle portion of the capitellum.   In general, Kids get supracondylar fractures and adults get radial head fractures.

 

*CRITOE

*CRITOE 

*Normal Anterior Humeral Line

For kids with concussions:  Harwood rule is minimum time off is 1 week for first concussion.  2^nd concussion is 1 month off minimum.

Saline, dextrose, hydrocortisone is the treatment cocktail for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Best way to give glucose: Adult D50  X 1ml/kg=50.  Child   D25 x 2ml/kg=50     Infant D10 X 5 ml/kg =50.    At any age  dextrose x ml/kg should equal 50

Syncope mimics: basilar migraine, seizure, vertigo, hyperventilation, hypoglycemia, breath holding spell (6-18 month old child with tantrum or severe crying prior to syncope).

 

*Supracondylar fractures    Gartland Classification 

Any hemophiliac with a head injury needs factor 8 ( 50u/kg) to get patient to 100% activity  prior to any CT evaluation.

If pt has a bleeding disorder and has mucosal bleeding, think Von Willebrand disease.  Treat with topical aminocaproic acid, fibrin glue or tranexamic acid.  Desmopressin works for Type 1 VB disease.  The link in your head for boards is mucosal bleeding=Von Willebrand’s disease.

 

*PECARN Decision Rule for CT’s in Children with Head Trauma

Sickle cell disease markedly increases a child’s risk of stroke.   The leading cause of death in a sickle cell patient is infection.   They have functional asplenia.   Also keep your guard up for acute chest syndrome in sickle cell patients with suspected pneumonia.   Treat acute chest with antibiotics, transfuse for PO2 <70 or a decrease in O2 sat of 10%.  They also need analgesics.  No steroids for acute chest syndrome.

Most important treatment for sickle cell pain crises is analgesics.   IV fluids may increase risk of acute chest syndrome.  These patients also have chronic pulmonary hypertension and cardiomyopathy so IV fluids can make matters worse.  If the patient can drink, let them orally hydrate.  If you feel they need IV fluids use small boluses  of 10ml/kg and give maintenance rates.   The concept of aggressive IV fluids for sickle cell pain crisis is kinda out.

Buckle fractures are small bumps in the cortex of the bone in kids.  They usually have a rapid recovery but they are fractures and need immobilization.

Bowing fractures are a similar concept and are a bend in the bone.  Greenstick fractures are another pediatric fracture with one cortex of the bone intact while the  other cortex is fractured.

 

*Salter Harris Classification  

Girzadas mnemonic is “ME” .    Salter 1’s and 4’s are easy so this mnemonic doesn’t cover those.   Salter 2’s and 3’s are the tough ones so ME just covers the 2’s and 3’s.  Fracture line through the Metaphysis is a 2 and a fracture line through the Epiphysis is a 3.

Bonder             Trauma Presentation

20yo male with GSW’s to upper extremities.  BP 120/80,  HR=60.  GCS=15.   Within 10 minutes heart rate increased to 90, O2 sat decreased to 95% and voltage decreased on monitor. 

Breath sounds were noted to be decreased on the left side.  Upright CXR has 52% sensitivity for pneumothorax.   Ultrasound has  88% sensitivity for pneumothorax.  Beware COPD and subQ emphysema can make identifying pneumothorax with U/S more difficult.  COPD can look like a pneumothorax on ultrasound.  

Indications for acute decompression of tension pneumothorax are: respiratory distress, hypotension, and/or altered mental status.  Low voltage on cardiac monitor or EKG can be indicative of tension pneumothorax or pericardial fluid/tamponade.   To decompress a pneumothorax, place a long, large needle in 2^nd intercostal space at mid-clavicular line.   Follow that up with a chest tube.

In this case, Chest tube drained 1200ml of blood.      CXR showed a bullet in the right hemithorax.  The patient had no bullet wound on chest wall.  The bullet actually travelled up the arm and ricocheted into the chest through the axilla. (Weird)   Salzman comment: When placing a chest tube for hemothorax, direct chest tube to inferior portion of lung to drain as much blood as possible.

Management of hemothorax:  Patient goes to the OR for 1500ml chest tube drainage over 24 hours.   They go to the OR for a retained hemothorax after chest tube.   Salzman comment: Taking the patient to surgery is a multi-factorial clinical decision.  This is consistent with the EAST guidelines which state the physiologic status of the patient is more important than strict numbers when deciding to go for thoracotomy.  Other authors state that ongoing chest tube drainage of 200ml/hr is an indication for thoracotomy as well.  Ongoing chest tube drainage may be more important than the initial output.

Pulmonary contusion/Flail chest management: Avoid fluid overload, mechanical ventilation only for respiratory failure, non-invasive ventilation is useful,  pain control is important, and don’t use steroids and don’t use diuretics.    Salzman comment: pulmonary contusions evolve over the first 24 hours.  If the patient’s initial CXR shows signs of pulmonary contusion they are at great risk for rapid/severe deterioration.   Some patients will require oscillator ventilation or ECMO.  This limits the utility of non-invasive ventilation.  Harwood comment: Are there lesser pulmonary contusions that can be managed with non-invasive ventilation.   Salzman reply: Younger patients who develop pulmonary contusion on CXR after 24 hours post-injury who need a little support may get by with non-invasive ventilation.

 

*Pulmonary Contusion

Salzman comment: If you suspect a pneumothorax, don’t hesitate to place a chest tube. 

On the other hand, Many pre-hospital needle decompressions don’t get into the chest cavity.  So before putting in a chest tube in these patients in the ED get a chest xray first if they are stable to see if they have a pneumothorax prior to placing a chest tube.

Garrett-Hauser    Ethics

Case 1.  Patient with metastatic lung cancer and COPD who is having respiratory distress.  Patient was determined to have  decisional capacity and refused intubation.  Patient died in ED.  Patient’s family later sued physician for not intubating her.    Lesson: It’s the family who sues you, not the dead person. 

Case 2. Elederly patient in NH who is unresponsive and is pulseless and non-breathing. POLST form is the new State DNR form.  It is more complicated and has more nuanced choices.   There is concern that the form is more prone to mistakes.

Case 3. Patient presents to ED in extremis.  Patient has multiple chronic illnesses   Power of Attorney is the patient’s designate who has power to make healthcare decisions.   The Power of Attorney can contradict the DNR form.

Case 4.  Patient with severe Intracranial hemorrhage and posturing.  Husband wants her extubated so that she can die comfortably.  He doesn’t want her on a ventilator.  There is a Withdrawal /Withholding Care Form you can use to withdraw care.  Two physicians have to certify that patient has an irreversible condition.

Case 5. 86yo female with respiratory failure.  Family members disagree about who has decision making authority and POA.   The standard for physicians is that a good faith effort was made by the physician to identify who is the Power of Attorney or proper family decision maker.   You may have to ask a family member to bring in the Power of Attorney form to identify who has decision-making authority.

Principal of double effect: An action has 2 effects, one is desired and one is accepted.  All major religions endorse this concept.

Case 6: 62yo female with Down Syndrome is in severe respiratory distress. NH paper work has a valid DNR and hospice paperwork.  Hospice patients will sometime be brought to the ED if their symptoms can’t be controlled by hospice staff.   We have a comfort care power plan in First Net that has suggested treatments for palliative care.

What does hospice mean?  3 aspects:  1. Approach to end of life care, 2. type of facility, and 3. insurance designation.   Physician certifies that patient has less than 6 months to live.

Case 8. 45yo male with metastatic cancer sent to ED for hypoxia/tachycardia.  He has decisional capacity and asked to be discharged.  Wife agrees to the discharge.  Hospice care was initiated while in ED.  You have to fill out a DNR form.

Case 9. 101yo male  presents to triage with minimal vital signs.   Patient is resuscitated.  After speaking with patient’s daughter, care was withdrawn.   Patient died in the hospital.

Dr. Joe Levato- ID Pharm D Updates

UTIs

Uncomplicated outpt- Nitrofurantoin – 5 days (if preg, 7 days)

Cephalexin 250 or 500 mg tid- 7 days

Inpt- Community- ceftriaxone

Health-care acquired- Zosyn

Cipro only for PCN allergic- gentamicin (7mg/kg) still preferred

Aztreonam if PCN and quinolone allergic- gentamicin (7mg/kg) still preferred

Pyelonephritis outpt- Cipro or levofloxacin x 7 days

Ceftriaxone x1 in ED, then cefdinir or Augment x 14 days

Community-acquired cellulitis

Non-purulent- usually Group A strep. Use cefazolin (inpt) or cephalexin (x 5 days) as little resistance. Clindamycin as alternate

Purulent- usually MSSA or MRSA. Vancomycin (inpt). SMZ/TMP or doxycycline (x 5 days) for outpt if I&D only insufficient

Exclusions- severe infections, diabetics, necrotizing infections, penetrating trauma, decubitus ulcers, IVDA, chronic wounds

Abdominal Infections

Community acquired- ceftriaxone + metronidazole (alt Cipro + metronidazole)

Health-care acquired (post-surgical) and for complicated community acquired (abscess, perforation)- zosyn +/- vancomycin.  PCN allergic- ciprofloxacin +metronidazole +/- vancomycin

Evaluating culture sensitivity results

Susceptible with < in front of number ( ie  < 4 mcg/ml) = fully susceptible

Susceptible with a number (8 mcg/ml) means close to line between resistance and susceptibility. Be careful, go towards higher dosing ranges or more frequent dosing intervals.  Or choose a different medication with < susceptibility reported.

 Jamieson       Radiation Exposure

We’re concerned for ionizing radiation- alpha, beta, neutrons, xrays, gamma.

Alpha can’t penetrate skin but can cause trouble if ingested.

Beta- protected if wearing clothes or aluminum foil.

Absorbed dose= amount of radiation absorbed into organism (Grays)

Dose equivalent= absorbed dose multipled by type of radiation. Same as absorbed dose for x-rays (Seiverts)

Effective dose= dose equivalent x tissue weighting factor

Ionizing radiation causes cell death at high dose, or interferes with cell division. So GI, hematopoetic systems highly affected

 

*Acute Radiation Syndrome

 

*Absolute Lymphocyte Count in Acute Radiation Syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome- usually requires 2 grays (equivalent to 20,000 simultaneous CXR’s).

LD50 – 4.5 grays

Causes- nuclear explosion, radiotherapy accident, space travel, nuclear reactor problem

Onset of symptoms is dose dependent. Present with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, pyrexia in prodromal phase. Treat symptomatically. Prodromal phase followed by latent phase (symptom free interval). Latent phase is missing in very large exposures.

Hematopoietic syndrome- pancytopenia is the main issue. Infection or bleeding is the problem. Survival is possible. Deaths occur in a few months. Blood transfusions, stem-cell transfusions may help.

If symptoms rapidly apparent or rapidly progressive, comfort care only.

Pre-hospital- critical role. Secure the scene, identify hazard, use PPE. Treat life-threatening injuries prior to decontamination

Hospital- assume the patient is contaminated unless you know they are decontaminated.

Conference Notes 8-20-2014

Updates from previous conference notes:

From Cindy Chan:

 

*TPA risk/Benefit Analysis

This is final outcome measured at 3 months of 100 patients who received tpa compared to placebo:

-  65% (white figures) did no different 

-  32% (light and dark green) did better; 13 of these (dark green) were normal or nearly mml

-  3% (light and dark red) did worse

** 6% (figures with (-) ) had brain bleeding at some point, but at final outcome at 3 months, 3% improved to be no different than non-tpa & 3% did worse

Frazer/C. Kulstad     Oral Boards

Case 1.   Child presents with recurring fever for 10 days.  Child recently traveled to Africa with parents who are missionaries.   Pt had an abnormal blood smear  DX:   Falciparum Malaria    Critical Actions:  Get blood smear,  admit to ICU, treat with anti-malarials (extra points if you knew IV quinidine gluconate plus doxycycline or clindamycin).   Initially malaria can present with influenza-like symptoms.  Fever occurs at intervals. Anemia and jaundice are common.  Disease presents within about 2 weeks of returning back from endemic area.   Smear microscopy (thick and thin) is gold standard for diagnosis.  Treat mild disease with malarone.  If the patient is ill-appearing give IV quinidine gluconate plus doxycycline or clindamycin.   Patients need to be managed in ICU due to possible arrhythmias from medications.

Harwood comment:  You might want to order a procalcitonin level in this case.  It would be elevated in malaria and help you differentiate the case from a viral illness.

 

*Falciparum malaria on blood smear

Case 2.  28yo female with right shoulder pain after falling while running on a trail.   X-ray shows no definite fracture but on Y-view patient has signs of a posterior dislocation.   DX:  Posterior shoulder dislocation.        Critical actions: Get X-rays including Y-view of shoulder.   Treat pain/ Use procedural sedation to reduce dislocation.  Posterior dislocations are much less common (2%) than anterior dislocations (98%).  Classically posterior dislocations occur due to electrocution or electroconvulsive therapy.   Traction/counter-traction is the preferred method of reducing a posterior dislocation.

 

*Posterior shoulder dislocation

Case 3.  22y female presents after being rescued from a fire in a carpet warehouse.  Patient is bradycardic and borderline hypotensive.  She is unresponsive.   No evidence of any burns.  ABG shows severe metabolic acidosis.   DX:  Cyanide Poisoning     Critical Actions:  Intubation,  get ABG with CO-OX,  treat suspected cyanide poisoning with cyanocobalamin. Screen for COHB and MetHB.   Cyanide is common from fires involving plastics, rugs, chemical plants, electroplating.  Cyanide blocks cellular respiration by blocking the cytochromes.  A lactate greater than 10 in a patient rescued from a fire is a strong marker of cyanide toxicity.   Also think of cyanide in a severely acidotic patient with a normal SPO2.  Co-administration of sodium thiosulfate with cyanocobalamin may have a positive synergistic effect.

 

*Mechanism of cyanide poisoning

Knight    M & M 

80 yo male presents with vomiting and diarrhea.  O2 sat is low.   He was hypotensive and tachycardic.  More history elicited that patient had a cough and chest pain.  We also learned that the patient just got out of the hospital yesterday.   Patient had history of c-diff and gastric outlet obstruction.  He recently had a balloon dilatation of gastric outlet.

Patient was made a code 44 to expedite his management.

Airway decision making: We considered  intubation to Protect airway, decrease work of breathing.  However, patient was oxygenating well and his work of breathing improved with oxygen mask.  So initially was not intubated.

IV fluids started.    BP was initially fluid responsive. We suspected sepsis and considered pressors.  First line pressor is norepinephrine, second line is epinephrine, 3^rd line is vasopressin.

Initial EKG did not show STEMI.  Initial CXR shows no significant acute change other than possible infiltrate on right.   HCAP antibiotics started.   Labs showed a high lactate.   CBC showed leukocytosis.

At about 2 hours into ED stay, BP drops again to 80/64.   Breathing became more labored.  With this change, patient was intubated.   A left IJ line was placed.  Some resistance was noted when line was being placed.

When placing central lines: Always use U/S guidance.  Trandelenberg can improve visualization and increase diameter of IJ.  Don’t use any force to place the wire.

Post central line CXR shows possible small pneumothorax on left side (the side of IJ placement).  To make matters worse. Patient develops an air leak around the ET tube.  Patient has to be re-intubated.  ABGS show worsening oxygenation.   The team then places a mini-chest tube on the left side.   Coffee ground fluid drains from the tube.  So the team replaces the mini-chest tube with a 34F tube. 1400ml of Coffee ground fluid drains out of the left pleural space.   Next CXR shows improvement on left side but patient now has right side pneumothorax.  There had been no central line attempt on the right side.  

Meanwhile, Pt arrests.  ROSC obtained with CPR and epinephrine.

At this point, family decided to withdraw care and patient died in the ED.    Diagnosis most likely was boerhaave’s syndrome due to esophageal or gastric tear from previous balloon dilatation.  Boerhaave’s syndrome has high mortality up to 72%.  Iatrogenic boerhaave’s can have a 19% mortality.  Perforations in the lower esophagus have a higher mortality.

Treatment for boerhaave’s syndrome: supportive care, early broad spectrum antibiotics, NG drainage, airway management,  chest tube for urgent decompression, and surgical consult.

Harwood comment: You did not cause a pneumothorax.  You used U/S  guidance to place the central line.  The air in the chest was due to the esophageal/gastric perforation.

Elise comment:  You can get better information from your consultants if you carefully guide them by specific and well-directed questions.  

Girzadas comment:  You did not cause a pneumothorax in this patient and based on his initial presentation/lactate/age/co-morbidities you had no chance of saving him.

Burns     Safety Lecture

57 yo female presents with cough and sob.    Patient was treated with a med neb and felt better.   Patient was discharged.   After patient was discharged it was learned from a triage note that the patient was sent to the ED for an abnormal EKG.   The ED physicians then attempted to find the EKG.  The patient indeed had an abnormal EKG.  She was called at home and asked to come back.  Patient was too tired to come back.  She came back the next day but left without being seen due the long wait.

Katie walked us through the system pathway for how EKG’s in our ED are processed.  Short version: it is very complicated.   There are many steps with no specific person having total responsibility for managing EKG’s.   There are many potential ways this could impact patient safety.    We then discussed how to improve this system.   The most promising suggestion was to give the ED phsycisians access to the EKG computer in the CC hallway.

Carlson    Pediatric Toxicology

Causes of Pediatric Toxicology Deaths: #1 fumes/gases,  #2 Analgesics,  #3 Cold Preparations

Andrea’s pet peaves: Don’t put toxins in drinking containers.    Grandparents put their medications in non-child proof containers.

Child resistant means a 5yo can’t open a container in 15 minutes.

When evaluating a suspected pediatric toxicology case find out all the people who live in the house with the child or who watch the child.   Any of these adults may be using medications or drugs that the child could get into.

Which exposures should an emergency physician worry about?  Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil, and amlodipine are the worst), camphor oil (high concentration and has been off the market since the 1980’s), clonidine/visine (imidazolines), TCA’s, Opioids, Lomotil (diphenoxylate and atropine), methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen, ben gay), sulfonylureas, detergent pods (esophageal burns/perforation), and toxic alcohols.  Button batteries are dangerous for kids as well.   Button batteries in the esophagus need to be removed within a few hours.  It can’t sit in place overnight.   Button batteries in the stomach can be watched with serial x-rays.  If it has not passed into the bowel by 4 days it needs to be removed.  Intranasal batteries or batteries in the ear canal need to be removed immediately.

Also worry a lot about methadone, colchicine, paraquat, amanita mushrooms, and cyanide toxicity.

Don’t worry about: brodifacum (decon rat poison), chlorox bleach, ACE-I’s/ARB’s, diuretics, cholesterol meds, antibiotics, OTC camphor rub/lip balm products (they have low concentrations of camphor) motrin, H2 blockers, Actos, Avandia.

It is always OK to not decontaminate pediatric patients.   If you give charcoal to kids be sure it does not have sorbitol.   It works best to flavor charcoal with chocolate syrup.

Kernicke-Sklar    Malpractice and Discharge Instructions

The most common cause of malpractice is a missed or delayed diagnosis.  The second most common cause is an inadequately developed discharge plan.  The majority of claims involve a patient who was discharged home from the ED and ended up suffering a complication.

Discharging a patient is in effect a patient handoff.  Your discharge instrutions can serve as a good patient care summary that the patient can give the follow up doctor.   Discharge instructions are viewed in the legal system as a contract document.  Verbal instructions are not good enough.  Instructions must be written.

We need a template to reduce our risk related to discharge.

Mnemonic: WTF, DR. DC?

 

*Anna’s mnemonic

W=what we found/what we did not find.  This includes incidental findings.  You need to inform the patient that they need to follow up for a lung nodule or other finding on imaging or lab testing.   If not, and patient develops cancer or other problem you are liable for that problem.

T=treatment and tests done and still needed.  Examples: get your blood pressure re-checked, hold your metformin for 48 hours after CT scan.

F=follow up. Try to be specific as possible.  If a patient doesn’t have their own doctor, The Family Medicine Clinic and Adult Medicine Clinic have availability to see patients within a few days.

D=drugs, drug warnings.  The physician prescribing the medication is responsible for warning patients about side effects and interactions.  Anna puts this info in as a comment on her pre-printed prescriptions.

R=restrictions of activites

D=diagnosis.  Just the facts.  Don’t make a specific diagnosis without solid evidence. Always include incidental findings in the diagnosis list.  Things like pulmonary nodule, elevated blood pressure, colonic wall thickening in the diagnosis list demonstrate that you identified these things and advised the patient to get follow up.

C=come back if….  Be specific as possible with symptoms and signs that would prompt return to ED.

?=final checks.  Check the vital signs, ambulation, and for persistent severe pain.

 

*AMA

Leaving AMA falls under informed consent.  Need to do 4 things: 1.Discuss risk/benefits/alternatives.  2.Patient had opportunity to ask questions.  3. Patient demonstrates an understanding of the issues.  4. Patient has capacity to make the decision.

Try to convince the patient to stay.  AMA still is considered a discharge.

 

*Decisional Capacity Assessment

Anna and Elise comment: we always put in our note that we encouraged the patient to stay in the ED and to return to the ED as soon as possible.

Document re-exams.   Address abnormal vital signs. Address incidental findings found on imaging and labs. 

Be aware of your own biasises and how they affect your judgment.

LIU         New Observation Program for Unattached Patients

Call the IM resident phone for any  next-up OBS admission to the CDU.   Admit to Dr. Nand on the bed request. If a patient has HMO insurance or goes to an advocate clinic they will not go into this service.  

Conference Notes 8-6-2014

erratum from last week: Dr. Walchuk gave Study Guide and I did not credit him with his excellent presentation.  Thanks Steve!

I will take next week off due to vacation.  I will resume the Conference Notes on 8-20 

Purnell/Carlson       Oral Boards

 Case 1.  46yo female with possible suicide attempt.  Patient is altered with abnormal vital signs of tachycardia and decreased respiratory rate. Pupils were constricted.  Pt responded initially to narcan but became sedated again. The patient’s husband brought in the patient’s medications which included a long acting hydrocodone preparation (ZohydroER).    Critical actions:  Identify opioid toxidrome, give naloxone, exclude co-ingestions such as ASA and APAP, start naloxone drip to manage long-acting opioid, admit to ICU.   Optimal care: In any patient who has CNS depression consider getting a serum osmolarity to evaluate for toxic alcohols.   Methadone, fentanyl, tramadol, and buprenorphine do not show up on toxicology screens.  Zohydro is a controversial new extended release hydrocodone formulation.  The concern is that it has much abuse potential and that overdoses will be particularly dangerous.  There is no APAP or ASA in Zohydro.

Case 2. 38 yo female with fever, cough, and lethargy for 3 days.  On day of presentation, patient has abdominal pain and vomiting.  Patient fainted in the waiting room.   BP=80/66  P=146  R=28   T=103.5    Patient is on Humira, methotrexate and prednisone for rheumatoid arthritis.  CXR showed pneumonia.  Labs showed hyperkalemia/hyponatremia suggesting adrenal insufficiency.  Critical actions: Get history of steroid dependence and immunosuppression,  give IV fluids for hypotension, give steroid replacement (solu-cortef/hydrocortisone is preferred) , treat hypoglycemia, and treat pneumonia.

Elise comment: Would you also investigate other opportunistic infections in this setting?  Andrea yes but this can be done as an inpatient.  The ED doc needs at a minimum to give CAP antibiotics.

Case 3.   2yo male with fever, cough, rash for 2 days.   Patient has just returned from trip to Phillipines with his mom.  Child is not immunized due to mom’s mistrust of immunizations.   ED diagnosis was measles based on rash and Koplik’s spots. Critical actions:  Obtain history that patient was not vaccinated, diagnose measles presumptively, isolate patient for 4 days before and 4 days after onset of rash, send confirmatory testing,  arrange treatment for at-risk contacts.   In the first 6 months of 2014 there have been 593 cases of measles in the US.  There have been 2 cases in March 2014 in Macomb, IL.  Incubation period is 7-21 days.  3 C’s of measles=cough, coryza (runny nose/stuffy nose/sneezing), conjunctivitis.  Rash starts on face and spreads down over the body over 4 days. Koplik’s spots are pathognomonic but they last only 2 days before or 2 days after the onset of the rash.  Treatment is supportive.  Ribavirin can be considered in more ill or immunocompromised patients.  Vitamin A supplementation is also advised.  You will also have to give vaccine or immune globulin for exposed contacts.

 

*Measles Rash and Koplick’s Spots

Navarrete      Trauma Lecture Hand Injuries 

Management of finger tip avulsions with no boney involvement: Apply a non-adherent dressing.  Soak in warm soapy water for 10min daily followed by tap water irrigation and redress.  Repeat this process for 10 days.  Have the patient return for a wound check in 2 days.  Complete healing can take up to 8 weeks.   Re-attaching the amputated portion is rarely successful.

If the finger tip avulsion involves exposed bone, consult hand surgery.   Fakhori strongly recommends never ronguring the bone back in the ED.   Steve Salzman comment: When you go to your next job and don’t have the resources of a Trauma center.  You have to discuss these cases with the consultant and if you don’t have a Hand surgeon available, you have to transfer the patient.  Elise comment: If you are working in a smaller ED and patient presents with exposed bone you need to discuss with a consultant or transfer.

Phalanx fractures:  Distal phalanx fractures usually don’t require surgical management.   Proximal and middle phalanx fractures require precise alignment/fixation  and need referral.

Bad hand injuries: Don’t FREAK OUT.   Stop the bleeding, control pain, wrap in xeroform and kerlix, give IV antibiotic coverage (Ancef), update tetanus status, get imaging, and consult hand surgery.

Calling the Hand Surgeon:  Tell them the patient’s hand dominance, careful NV exam, extent of injury, tendon/muscle/bone exposure, and fractures.   Texting a picture is probably the most informative.  You have to get consent from the patient allowing you to text a picture of their injury to the hand surgeon.  Document their consent in the chart.  Elise comment: after texting the picture, delete the picture from your phone to protect patient confidentiality.

There was a discussion about using low dose ketamine 0.25 mg /kg in addition to opiates to treat intractable pain.  Ketamine lowers opioid needs and is hemodynamically neutral.  Dr. Navarrete used keatmine in one of her trauma patients with a severe hand injury and had good success.

Storing amputated digit for re-attachment:  wrap digit in saline gauze, place it in a plastic bag, put the bag on ice, and keep the amputated digit with the patient.    Christine comment: The ED has coolers available to keep the amputated part with the patient so it is not lost.  Salzman comment: Most amputations of digits and limbs are not viable for re-attachment.   

Compartment syndrome in the hand is possible.  There are 10 compartments in the hand.  Red flags indicating compartment syndrome are bad pain, weakness, tense tissue.

*Hand Compartments

Main message for hand injuries: Treat pain, give antibiotics, wrap the hand, and CONSULT HAND SURGERY!

Campanella     The Dizzy Patient

Peripheral vertigo is usually not continuous but rather episodic.  Episodes usually last less than 1 minute

Dizziness that last minutes to hours: consider meniere’s, TIA, migraine, psychiatric,  otic syphilis

Mnemonic for Vertigo DDX:  VITAMIN C=Vascular, Infectious, Trauma, Autoimmune,  Metabolic/Medications,  Idiopathic,  Neoplastic, Congenital like Arnold chiari  malformation.

Differentiating Vertigo from other causes of dizziness: With peripheral vertigo, head movement provokes symptoms.  Dr. Campanella likes to ask if symptoms come on when you tilt your head back like when you get your hair washed.   The more severe the vertigo, the more likely it is peripheral vertigo. Peripheral vertigo is more common in women.  Usually occurs in the 4^th-5^th decade.

Halpike testing is specific for peripheral vertigo.  There is latency of the effects of this test though so you have to wait for up to a minute to see if patient has symptoms.   The otoliths are floating in the endolymph and it takes some time for them to stimulate the hairs in the semi-circular canals.

Meniere’s: There is an over-accumulation of endolymph within the vestibular system. Patients have vertigo and hearing loss over time.   The other name for meniere’s is Otolithic Catastrophes of Tumarkin.  True name but we all got a good laugh from it.

Any type of dizziness may worsen with positional change but only peripheral vertigo results from position change.

Thinking about stroke localization: When you are dealing with the D’s (dystharthria, dysphonia, dysphagia, diplopia, dizziness, dysequilibrium) you are talking about stroke in the posterior fossa.

Migraines can cause vertigo.  Don’t give these patients (specifically migraine induced vertigo) tryptans for their headache because you can cause vasospastic stroke. 

Wallenberg syndrome: Also known as the lateral medullary syndrome.  Symptoms include:hoarse voice, horner’s syndrome, nausea, facial numbness, blurred vision/diplopia, difficulty standing unassisted, limb ataxia and vertigo. This is a stroke but these patients have no extremity weakness so it is a tricky diagnosis.   It is a stroke affecting the lateral medulla and is due to Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery which is a branch off the vertebral artery.

Campanella does not use the head impulse test to evaluate vertigo. He doesn’t find it useful

 

*Wallenberg Syndrome

Campanella did not have clear age cut off for who he would scan.   He discusses the decision to scan with the patient.  He feels that if history/physical is pretty clear cut for peripheral vertigo and pt can walk and is not sick from vomiting they can be discharged.  If you see any previous stroke on CT that suggests that this patient’s symptoms are due to a cerebrovascular event based on signs of previous stroke. 

Elise comment: Should we pass on CT and go right to MRI for dizzy patients?  Campanella: Sure, if you can get it done it does possibly save an admit for the patient and speed up the evaluation.

Girzadas    Airway Management of the Morbidly Obese Patient

Since I gave the lecture, I did not take notes but the key take home points are listed.

Obese patients have rapid desaturation when apneic due to a decreased functional residual capacity and overall diminished lung function as well as increased utilization of oxygen.  More rapid desaturation reduces the safe apnea period that emergency physicians have to secure an airway.

Obese patients have more difficult visualization of their airway.  They also have increased risk of aspiration.

 Strategies to mitigate the above pathophysiology include

Preoxygenation with head up at 20-30 degrees.

Passive oxygenation with 15 L per nasal cannula during preoxygenation and during intubation.

Preoxygenate with 15L NRB mask with O2 cranked above 15 L per min

If this is unable to get O2 saturation above 95% use bipap.

While preoxygenating patient put patient in RAMP position to optimize airway visualization.

*RAMP position

Suggested approach to intubation is Ketamine sedation with topical anesthetic in the upper airway and not do RSI if possible. 

Video laryngoscopy should be your first attempt device based on research showing VL gives better visualization and shorter intubation time in obese patients.

Go-to Rescue device should be intubating LMA.

If you need to cric, don’t delay as these patients desaturate rapidly and cricothyrotomy in the obese patient takes more time. Use an ET tube instead of a shiley to give yourself more length to reach the airway.

Estimate drug doses based on body weight of 100kg.

Settings on the ventilator should be based on ideal body weight and low tidal volumes.    70 kg and TV of 6ml/KG.  So TV of 450-550 is a reasonable starting point.

Remke   5 Slide  Follow Up

Pt has trauma to her lower leg.  The ED physicians have suspicion of compartment syndrome.   Patient has a history of bilateral PE and is on warfarin. 

Compartment syndrome is due to an increase in pressure within a muscle compartment bound by fascia.   Diagnosis is based predominantly on pain out of proportion of exam and tense compartments.   5 P’s Pain, Pulse deficit, Pallor, Paresthesia, Paralysis.   Compartment measurement that is within 30mm of Hg of the diastolic blood pressure should go to the OR.

Decision was made to reverse coagulopathy with FEIBA and patient went to OR for fasciotomy.  After fasiotomy patient was anticoagulated  pretty much right after surgery.

Navarrete 5 Slide Follow Up

31yo male with acute right leg numbness.  Patient had a fever and cough for the last several days.  No chest pain.   Patient did have diminished pulses in the right leg.

Ekg showed sinus tach.  WBC=24.5.   Troponin=1.21.   Diagnosis in the ED was endocarditis.   Formal TEE showed a vegetation on the aortic valve.   CTA showed thrombus in the right common femoral artery and infarcts in the spleen and left kidney.   Patient seemed to become more ill in the ED but was still overall stable so he was sent up to the ICU.  3 hours later in the ICU the patient arrests.   He was found to have an acutely blown aortic valve.  Patient was resuscitated and taken to the OR.  He survived. 

If you identify an ischemic limb, you gotta think clot, endocarditis, AND dissection.

You can use ABI’s to objectively verify your exam.  >0.9 is  normal.  <0.5 is a severe occlusion.

Treatment for clotted vessel is heparin bolus and drip.  Consult vascular surgery.  CTA is recommended for imaging the suspected vascular area in the ED.

Conference Notes 7-30-2014

Follow Up from Last week's Conference Notes

Update from Val Merl (ACMC alumna now at University of New Mexico):  Haunta virus is something I actually have seen and treated. If you are thinking about Haunta look at the platelet count. If it is above 200 it isn't Haunta. I don't know if this is from actual published articles but it is what we all do here. There is a specific test for Haunta but it won't become positive for days after the illness has set in. By then the pt is dead or improving. But the most important thing - if you think Haunta you have to admit them where there is an ECHMO  team. They need to have the equipment and be standing by in the room. I've had a pt go from being on 2 liters of 02 and watching TV to being on ECHMO with a pressure of nothing in just a few hours. UNM has had good results with putting their pts on ECHMO. And they have probably treated more Haunta pts than anywhere. 

Thinking of plague is a good thought but those pts look different than Haunta ( we have that here in NM also) Adults

With plague don't normally look SICK. They normally just have a high fever with no source. They aren't normally hypoxic and their plt count is normally > 200. The way we think of it here is - if it is summertime and the pt looks like they have the flu treat them for the plague  (normally they are good enough to do this as out pts) We have had 2 cases already this year. 

Editorial Note: Love the feedback from our Alumni.  Feel free to send your Teaching Pearls related to conference and I will include them in the notes.

Marynowski    Pediatric Study Guide

Unfortunately I missed this excellent lecture.

Carlson    Toxic Alcohols (Thank You to Christine Kulstad for writing the notes for this lecture!)

 

*Osmolar Gap

 

*Osmolar & Anion Gap Trends

Normal Range of osmolar gap is -14 to +12.   This broad range make it an imperfect screening test.  However if the gap is out of the normal range, it is specific for toxic alcohols.

Other causes of Osmolar Gap:  Mannitol, radiocontrast dye,  acetone, propylene glycol

You should be able to get a Stat Ethylene Glycol level from Quest Labs within 3-6 hours.   You will need to call the lab to make sure the test gets done as a Stat.   Andrea makes it a point to repeatedly call the lab to make sure the specimen is in process and to get the result.

 

Ethylene glycol, found in antifreeze, deicers, and brake fluid. It tastes sweet, but some have bittering agent and all have fluorescein added.

Ethylene glycol exposure from 1) alcoholics running out of ethanol, 2) improper storage, 3) suicide, 4) poisoning

Absorbed mostly through GI in 1-4 hrs, all other exposures minimal. Low Vd, not protein bound- means HD will remove it. Half life 3 hrs metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase.

4 clinical phases. Stage 1 is CNS, over 30 min to 12 hrs. Looks like intoxication-somnolence, ataxia, slurred speech. If a massive ingestion- cerebral edema, seizures.

Stage 2- metabolic. Occurs at 4 -36 hrs. Get metabolic acidosis, kussmauls respirations, hypocalcemia, cardiac instability. Most likely to die during this phase.  Bicarb drips during this phase can be helpful to counteract the acidosis.

Stage 3- Renal. Occurs at 24-72 hours. Renal tubular necrosis, hematuria, proteinuria.

Stage 4- Neuo, only in significant ingestion. Delayed effects from osmotic demyelination. EG levels > 1000 mg/dL

 What to order for ethylene glycol ingestion? BMP, serum ethanol, serum osmolality, stat toxic alcohols, abg, ua, apap, asa, tox screen, EKG.

Who to diagnosis? Ethylene glycol level. Presumptive- pH < 7.3, bicarb <20, osmolar gap >10, urinary oxalate crystals with appropriate clinical context.

Osmolar gap equation= 2(Na) + bun/2.8 + glc/18 + etoh/4.6. Should be less than 20, the normal range is -14 to +12. It may be normal in late ingestions. Other factors that can elevate osmolar gap- acetone (DKA, dehydration), glycerol (mouthwash), propylene glycol (Ativan), mannitol, sorbitol, radiocontrast dye.  Roughly osmolar gap x 6.2 = ethylene glycol level.

Gold standard level- GC mass spectrometry. Send STAT to Quest but you must talk to lab as the patient is drawn. Can get results in 3-6 hrs. Do NOT just order it through FirstNet or it will come back in 2 weeks. Watch units as they are not standard for reporting.

Anion gap- Na – (Cl + HCO3). Above 16 is abnormal. In ethylene glycol ingestions- elevated from glycolate and lactate.

ABG machine analyses gylcolate and lactate the same. So lactate may be 25, and serum lactate is 7 for example.

Urine studies less helpful. Calcium oxalate crystals only found in 50% (can also be reported as amorphous crystals). You can fluoresce the urine BUT fluorescein ingestion does not always come out in urine AND kids’ urine naturally fluoresce.

Treatment- can use NG aspiration if early and massive exposure. Activated charcoal doesn’t bind well but can be given for co-ingestion. Improve metabolic profile with bicarb, magnesium, and calcium.

Inhibit metabolism with fomepizole (alcohol if you don’t have ifomepizole). Works by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase. Pregnancy category C, but only FDA approved antidote. Give if ethylene glycol level >20 OR suspicion + osmolar gap >10 if early, OR suspicion + 2 presumptive criteria.

Fomepizole dosing- load 15 mg/kg with max of 1 g. then 10 mg/kg q12 hrs x 4 does, then 15 mg/kg q 12 hrs. But interval goes down to q4 hrs while on dialysis. Oral = IV. Earlier administration = better outcome. Adverse effects except headache are rare. It does taste bad.

When can you give fomepizole alone? If treated early and for prolonged period- until ethylene glycol level decreased. Also can use in pediatric patients.  Must have pH < 7.3, modest anion gap (<20), no renal dysfunction, adequate fomepizole supply. If ethylene glycol <100, fomepizole alone is well supported.

If you don’t have fomepizole, give ethanol. Can be oral or IV. Its cheap BUT 1) hard to maintain steady level, large volumes needed, kids get hypoglycemic, more CNS depression. Shoot for a level of 100-150, increase rate with dialysis.

Theoretical benefit to adding thiamine 100 mg iv q6h until ethylene glycol gone, pyridoxine 50 mg iv q6h x 24 hours

Methanol- found in more products. It is absorbed more quickly. Absorbed through skin and inhalation.

Methanol metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid. It causes ocular toxicity and metabolic acidosis.

Clinical toxicity often delayed. Early- CNS depression, seizures, cogwheel rigidity. Ocular- snow field vision, unreactive pupils, APD on presentation is bad. Renal toxicity rare.

Diagnosis it by methanol level, osmolar gap, and anion gap. Can see putamenal hemorrhages on CT which is fairly specific.

 

*Methanol CT findings Putamen Hemorrhages (symmetric hypodense NIKE swoosh appearing lesions)

Treat by inhibiting metabolism, leucovorin for folate 50 mg IV q4h (theorectical benefit), dialysis, ophtho benefit.

Can skip hemodialysis if level < 80 and pH < 7.3, modest anion gap (<20), no renal dysfunction, adequate fomepizole supply.

Isopropanol- osmolar gap w/o anion gap. Biggest side effect is GI irritation or bleed. Manage symptomatically. The compound can interfere with creatinine measurement. No fomepizole. HD only if level > 500 mg/dl.

Beckemeyer    Stroke Management

Stroke patients have priority over other ED patients in que for CT.

If no blood on CT and pt presents within 3-4.5 hours consider TPA.

In stroke patients do these three things first: check glucose, assess airway, and get a CT head.

Risk –Benefit of TPA for Stroke :

It is difficult to convey this clearly to patients and their families.  According to the NINDS data shown below, about 11 patients in 100 who receive TPA will benefit over receiving only asa.  6 in 100 patients treated with TPA will have intracranial bleeding and about half of the patients with brain bleeds will die.

 

*Outcomes after TPA

There was a discussion between Erik and Harwood about how to best describe to patients and their families the risks/benefits of TPA.

Keep patients from getting severely hyper/hypo glycemic.  Keep them around

140-180.  Give IVF.  Volume depletion can worsen cerebral blood flow.  Have nursing in ED do a simple water swallow test to see if patients can swallow. 

Be sure to use the TPA checklist every time to check for contraindications.

Negro    EKG Interpretation

 

*Evolution of ST changes with STEMI

Anterior STEMI: Vessel occluded is LAD.  Prognosis is worst of all infarcts due to size of myocardium at risk.

 

*ECG showing Anterior STEMI

 

*LAD Occlusion/Anterior MI

 

*EKG of Lateral MI (Most ST elevation in high lateral leads I, AVL)

Inferior Wall STEMI have risks of RV infarct and hypotension.  Caution with IV nitroglycerin as it can cause hypotension.  Lower mortality than anterior wall infarction.

 

*Inferior Wall STEMI

If in the setting of inferior STEMI, the ST elevation in III is greater than II check right sided leads to evaluate for RV infarct.  ST elevation in lead III > lead II suggest RV infarct.  These patients need fluids to maintain BP and be cautious with NTG due to risk of hypotension.

 

*Inferior Posterior STEMI

Balogun          ABC’s of Vasoactive Drugs

Case1   75 yo female with COPD and DM.  Patient presents in septic shock.  EGDT initiated and patient is persistently hypotensive.

Norepinepherine is the first line pressor for septic shock.

Epi is second line for septic shock (and 1^st line for anaphylactic shock).  It has both alpha and beta stimulating effects.

Phenylepherine (neosynepherine) increases SVR by pure alpha stimulation.   It is third line for septic shock.  It can cause reflex bradycardia

Vasopressin increases peripheral vasoconstriction.   It is also third line for septic shock.

Case 2   65yo male with antero-lateral STEMI.  Patient is in cardiogenic shock.

Dopamine  is the first line pressor for cardiogenic shock.  At low doses, dopamine vasodilates mesenteric, brain, and renal vasculature. At higher doses it increases cardiac output and SVR. 

Dobutamine is the first line inotrope in cardiogenic shock.

Milrinone is indicated for cardiogenic shock in the setting of CHF.

Case 3. 37yo male with hypotension following  RSI.  Treat with IV fluids and consider a push-dose pressor.   Options are phenylephrine,  epinephrine, ephedrine.

Probably the easiest use is 1ml of cardiac epi mixed with 9 ml of NS in a 10 ml syringe. This can be given in aliquots of 0.5 ml at a time.  Data supporting push-dose pressors is basically from the anesthesia literature.  Most of the patients in these anesthesia studies are young healthy females with transient hypotension from spinal anesthesia.   No faculty would use push-dose pressors for post-procedural sedation hypotension.  They would use it in a critically ill patient to manage post intubation hypotension or bridge the patient until a central line is placed.

No pressors for hypotensive trauma patients.  They need volume replacement.   Exceptions would be neurogenic shock and septic shock.

Jeziorkowski    5 Slide Follow Up 

78 yo female with hx of COPD and O2 sat of 70%.  She had a fever of 39.2.   Severely dyspneic.   Patient had just been discharged from the hospital and family noted patient has not been herself for the last few days.

Chest X-Ray shows extensive subQ emphysema.  Patient had a TEE during her recent hospitalization.  Diagnosis of esophageal rupture was entertained. Iatrogenia is the most common cause of esophageal rupture.

 

 *Esophogeal rupture with mediastinal and subQ air

3 areas of esophageal narrowing:  cricopharyngeus,  thoracic vessels,  and lower esophageal sphincter.   If the esophagus ruptures at the cricopharyngeus, the mortality is 6% .  If  rupture is at either of the other two narrow points, the mortality is around 33%.   No clear reason why except that mediastinal contamination is more likely at these lower points.

Esophogeal rupture is a difficult diagnosis to make.  Options for diagnosis are esophogram, endoscopy, and CT. Once diagnosed, give broad spectrum antibiotics, consider anti-fungals for the recently hospitalized patient, emergently consult surgery, give supportive care.

Delay in diagnosis results in increased mortality.

Purnell       Altered Mental Status  Time-Based Approach

What could kill the altered patient in next few seconds: non-perfusing rhythm, airway issue, hypoventilation, and hypotension.

Think to check glucose and consider narcan before intubating the altered patient.  In the same vein, consider a c-spine injury prior to manipulating the neck for intubation 

What could kill the altered patient in the next few minutes: hypoglycemia, hypothermia/heat stroke, MI, aortic dissection/rupture, intracranial hemorrhage,  overdose, hyperkalemia. 

What could kill my altered patient in the next few hours: Sepsis, meningitis, metabolic derangements, toxins, intracranial mass, necrotizing fasciitis, intra-abdominal catastrophies, TTP, non-convulsive status epilepticus. Hypo/hyper-thyroidism,  neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome.

Re-examine the abdomen in altered elderly patients multiple times to identify subtle tenderness. Have a low threshold to image abdomen in the altered elderly patient.

TTP mnemonic:  FAT RN = Fever, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal dysfunction, Neurologic deficit.   If the patient has 3 of these, start plasmaphoresis.   Don’t Give Platelets, it will worsen the clinical situation.

For non-convulsive status, look for fasiculations of the eyelids or muscles in the hand.    Elise picked up a case of this recently by noting eye deviation in an altered patient.

Kelly comment: In patients who are on thyroid meds and you want to check their thyroid function, get a free T4 in addition to TSH.   The TSH will likely not be diagnostic if patients are on thyroid meds.

Labs are the best way to separate NMS and Seratonin syndrome.  NMS will have elevated LFT’s, elevated CK, elevated WBC’s, low iron.

Conference Notes 7-23-2014

Permar/Lovell   Oral Boards

Case 1.  55yo male with SOB for 2 days. BP 100/60.   Labs show leukocytosis.  CXR shows normal heart size and bilateral infiltrates.  Diagnosis is acute pulmonary syndrome due to Hanta Virus.     Critical Actions: Recognize septic shock, aggressive IV fluids, Intubation,  Broad-spectrum Antibiotics,  norepinephrine, ICU admission.   

Optimal care would include ID consult and notification of the Public Health Department.   Elise comment: First thing is to recognize and rapidly correct vital signs.  Management for Hanta Virus Pulmonary syndrome is supportive care.  Clinically looks like rapidly progressive non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.  There is no specific treatment for hanta virus.

Harwood and Carlson comments:  The diagnosis for this case could have been plague or other uncommon infections.  You have to have a broad ddx.  Would have been nice to give IV doxycycline or gentamycin in addition to usual CAP coverage to cover plague.

 

*Rapid Progression of Hanta Virus Pulmonary Syndrome

Case 2. 19 yo male very agitated.  160/110, HR=110.  Pt has gun fall out of his pocket.  Crystal meth also falls out of his pocket .  Urine Tox is positive for amphetamines.      Critical Actions:  Scene safety/search patient, check blood sugar, check temperature, sedate with benzobiazepines, monitor for normalization of vital signs, assess for psychiatric stability.   Optimal care: consider excited delirium (hyperthermic/super-human strength/risk of sudden cardiac death),  consider checking CPK, offer rehab information.  Methamphetamine acts on dopamine receptors more than serotonin receptors.  Scary thing is that methamphetamine actually re-wires your brain and causes permanent neurologic changes.  

Andrea & Elise comments:  Control violent  behavior in this type of patient with high-dose benzos, ketamine or ketafol.

Case 3.  20 yo male with left hand pain due to a snake bite.  BP=100/55,  HR=115.  Patient has spreading edema of hand.   Critical actions:  CroFab administration 6 vials,  IV opioid pain control,  IV fluids, ICU admit.   Optimal care: monitor for compartment syndrome.  If compartment syndrome develops, treatment is administration of more CroFab rather than fasciotomy.  First aid is no suction of venom, no incision, no tourniquets.  For prolonged transport you can use a constricting band to hinder lymphatic spread of venom.  If possible keep the injured extremity at heart level and minimize patient’s activity until they get to the hospital.     

*Pit vipers have a heat sensing pit, elliptical eye, and fangs

Harwood comment:  For the boards, don’t give Haldol to a patient with a drug overdose.  Ice is not recommended for snake bites.

Andrea comment: You can’t go wrong with benzos for the agitated patient.

Mosier (Loyola Burn Center)/Management of Patients with Thermal Injury

 

*Criteria for transfer to Burn Center

Harwood question: What %age of patients transferred to your burn center can be treated as an outpatient.   Answer: >50% are discharged in 1-3 days.

Rule of 9’s is an easy way to estimate burn size in adults. 

 

*Rule of 9’s

Patient’s palm + fingers is @1% of burn size.  When calculating BSA affected, do not include areas of first degree burn.

Larger burns cause capillary leak resulting in slow/progressive fluid loss.  Fluid replacement goal should be 30ml of urine output per hour.

Parkland formula is indicated for patients with greater than 20% BSA burned: Parkland formula=4ml/kg/%BSA burned.  Half the volume is given in the first 8 hours and the second half given in the next 16 hours.  Some patients will need more or less fluid than estimated by this formula but it is a reasonable starting point.  Clinicians will have to adjust fluid administration to reach goal of 30ml of urine output per hour.

Dr. Mosier showed some horrific pictures of extensive burns.  He discussed his thinking on the use of escharotomies to relieve constricting pressure on torso or extremities.     Elise question: What is the timing on doing an escharotomy?  Answer: most patients can have up to a 6 hour delay to getting an escharotomy.  So in most cases it can be done at a burn center.   Girzadas question: How do you know if you have cut deeply enough to perform an effective escharotomy?   Answer: When you cut deeply enough, the burned skin will spread apart and the tenseness of the tissue will be feel much less.    

Carbon monoxide poisioning is the most common cause of death due to inhalation injury.  The Upper airway has a great ability to absorb/diffuse heat.  Edema due to upper airway burn injury peaks at 12-24 hours.

Singed facial and nasal hair does not=intubation.  If a patient is burned from a flash burn lighting a grill or smoking while on oxygen they usually won’t need intubation.  Patients with inhalation burns due to closed space fires (caught in a house fire for example) are at much higher risk for airway edema and intubation.

If patient is phonating without stridor they usually won’t need intubation

Dr. Mosier showed some pictures of severe electrical burns.  These burns can require larger fluid volumes than suggested by the Parkland formula.  These patients may need surgical debridement, fasciotomy and/or amputation.

There are 127 Burn Centers in the US.  Only 66 Burn Centers are “Verified or Accredited”.     Loyola and U of C are the only 2 Burn Centers in IL that are Verified. There are 3400 Deaths/year in the US  from burns.  The majority of deaths occur due to residential fires.   The total average body surface area burned has decreased over the last 2 decades.  Survival rates for all burns is 97% overall.  There are better outcomes at Burn Centers.

Don’t forget that you should transfer cases of TEN to a burn center.

 

*Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Kelly comment: Please comment on how to refer a patient to your Burn Clinic.  Answer: You can call the Burn Center to arrange a clinic appointment.  We are a 5 day/week clinic.  We are not open on weekends.

Elise question: What is the preferred dressing for minor burns.  Answer:  Wash the wound with soap and water.   Debride blisters that are on body areas of frequent movement.  If the blister is intact on a non-high frequency moving surface you can leave it intact.  We still like topical silvadene or other antibiotic ointments on the burns.   Silvadene is better for deeper burns.    Mepilex sponge is a new silver-eluting dressing that works well.  You can actually use silvadene on the face.  If it gets in the eyes or mouth it can cause irritation.   It is a false axiom that silvadene can’t be used on the face.

When transferring a patient to a burn center just cover the burn with dry sterile sheet or dressing.   Don’t use moist or wet dressings, no packing in ice.  Just use a dry dressing.

Salzman      Tactical Medicine

Dr. Slazman discussed the tactical/EMS  response in Sweden to the  mass attack/murder of children on an  island summer camp.   He discussed the difficult decisions of whether to treat a severely wounded patient vs. getting control of scene safety at the outset prior to caring for wounded patients.

 Tactical medicine Mnemonic: Call  A  CAB n’ Go

Call for help.    Abolish all threats.   Circulation-Airway-Breathing.   Neuro Check.  Go=transport patient to hospital.

Tourniquets are still useful for halting exsanguination from limb GSW’s.

 Average adult has about 5-6 liters of blood.   With significant blood loss, the color of the lips (palor) is a sensitive indicator of  severe anemia.

 Harwood question: How do you function as a physician wearing SWAT-type protective gloves.  Answer: It is an issue.  We do have black medical gloves that we can put on after we take off our SWAT protective gloves.

 

*AVPU simple and quick neurologic assessment

ED thoracotomy has the highest success rate for single isolated stab wounds to the chest.  If you can relieve the pericardial tamponade and close the heart wound, you can save the patient’s life.

When caring for patients who have suffered a blast injury, be aware of embedded shrapnel in the patient.  These foreign bodies can injury you.  Wear personal protective equipment and be cautious.

Amputated limbs/body parts are rarely able to be re-attached successfully. 

Unfortunately due to meetings, I missed the other excellent lectures this day. 

Conference Notes 7-16-2014

 Felder       Study Guide  OB-Gyne

 Erythrasma is an erythematous, scaley rash similar in appearance to tinea. It can be located in the genital area, axilla, inter-digital spaces of foot.  Caused by cornebacterium a gram positive organism.   Treated with erythromycin, clindamycin gel, or even better a topical azole anti-fungal.  Since it would probably be hard to distinguish in the ED from tinea it is good it can be treated with an antifungal topicaly.   It is a non-ulcerative rash.  It has a coral red appearance when examined with a woods lamp (blue light).  Ulcerative STD’s include syphilis, LGV, herpes, chancroid.

 

*Erythrasma

Hytidaform mole is associated with first or second trimester bleeding.  Snow storm appearance on ultrasound.  Unusually high HCG levels.  Patients will have severe nausea and vomiting.  There is potential for malignancy.   Treatment is D & C.

 

* Hytidaform Mole Ultrasound

Ecclampsia is defined by seizures or coma in a pre-ecclamptic  patient.  Treat with magnesium.

 Optimal candidates for methotrexate — The optimal candidates for MTX treatment of ectopic pregnancy are hemodynamically stable, willing and able to comply with posttreatment follow-up, have a human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit (hCG) concentration ≤5000 mIU/mL, and no fetal cardiac activity. Ectopic mass size less than 3 to 4 cm is also commonly used as a patient selection criterion; however, this has not been confirmed as a predictor of successful treatment (Up to Date)

There was a discussion about the risks of giving methotrexate in the ED.  General consensus is that an attending OB physician should be the person signing the methotrexate order.

 10 rads is the threshold for human teratogenesis.   Most of the common ED imaging studies are well below this level of radiation.

 Risk of heterotopic pregnancy in a patient who underwent IVF  is 1%.   Kelly comment: any fertility enhancement therapies increase the rate of heterototpic pregnancy.   Baseline rate of heterotopic pregnancy in non-fertility enhanced patients is 1 in 4000 or 0.025%.

 In setting of threatened AB, risk of miscarriage drops to 5% if fetal heart activity is identified on ultrasound.

 PID causes infertility in 12% of patients.   So with that rate it is considered prudent to treat presumptively in the ED.  Over-treatment is acceptable.  Mila comment:  If you are reaching for a swab to test for GC/Chlamydia, you should strongly consider treating the patient.

 Most vaccines are ok in pregnancy (TDAP, Influenza, Hep B).   Chicken pox vaccine is not. Any other live vaccines are not ok as well.  Avoid NSAIDs in pregnancy as it reduces uterine blood supply. Narcotics are ok in pregnancy except if delivery is imminent as it will suppress fetal respirations.  Use plain local anesthetics without epinephrine to avoid small potential of epinephrine affecting placental blood flow.  

Kleihauer Betke test and flow cytometry are 2 tests to identify larger/massive fetomaternal hemorrhage.  If positive in the pregnant patient with trauma, they will need a 300mcg dose of rhogam and possibly additional rhogam.  

 Clue cells are vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria.   This indicates bacterial vaginosis.  Treat with metronidazole 2 grams single dose.  

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) represents a complex change in the vaginal flora characterized by a reduction in concentration of the normally dominant hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli and an increase in concentration of other organisms, especially anaerobic gram negative rods [6-9]. The major bacteria detected are Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella species, Porphyromonas species, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mobiluncus species [6]. Fusobacterium species and Atopobium vaginae are also common.

 The mechanism by which the floral imbalance occurs and the role of sexual activity in the pathogenesis of BV are not clear, but formation of an epithelial biofilm containing G. vaginalis appears to play an important role (UP to Date)

 

*Clue cells

Frazer   M & M  Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

 45 yo female with multiple GSW’s.   Airway is intact.  Wounds in right anterior hip, left medial gluteus and left lateral hip regions.  Abdomen is soft with mild RLQ tenderness.  Pt also had epigastric tenderness.   Vitals were not hypotensive.  Plain xray shows 2 bullets.   1 bullet in right pelvis and 1 bullet in epigastrium.   

 Harwood comment: In trauma there is a calculation,  Holes + Bullets = An even number.    If not, you have to look for another bullet.    Exceptions: Bullet from a previous trauma or an embolized bullet.    In this case we have 3 wounds and 2 bullets=5.  Not an even number.  Erin stated that the patient did have a bullet in her leg which accounted for the third bullet.

 Traditional teaching was that laparotomy was indicated for any GSW to abdomen.   More recently, it is thought that the overall morbidity from negative exploratory laparotomies outweighs the benefit of this strategy.   New strategy is to use triple contrast CT in stable patients without peritonitis or free air on xray to identify cases requiring surgery.

 Intrpretation of CT in this case was made that likely there was no peritoneal violation.  Patient was to be observed and re-evaluated.   Repeat exam in the ED shows non-tender abdomen and stable vitals. 

 Later that day patient is eating.   That night heart rate increases to 138 but comes down with pain medications.   Next day urine output drops.   Heart rate increased again that morning.   Later that morning, patient suddenly coded.  Patient was resuscitated and transferred to SICU. 

 Patient had rigid abdomen and found to have septic shock.  Patient went to OR and was found to have blast effect injury to bowel causing a single perforation.   Patient later developed gangrenous bowel and needed bowel resection.    Patient was discharged after 30 days in hospital.

 Risk/Benefit to conservative management of GSW to the abdomen using CT evaluation  is that other studies have shown that even 8 hours delay of identifying bowel injury increases morbidity and mortality.  Patients being evaluated with this non-operative conservative management approach need frequent re-exams of their abdomen and overall clinical picture to promptly identify any need for surgery.

 Elise forwarded the abstract of the Trauma study that supports conservative management of GSW’s to the Torso:

Prospective evaluation of selective nonoperative management of torso gunshot
wounds:  When is it safe to discharge?

Inaba, Kenji MD; Branco, Bernardino Castelo MD; Moe, Donald BSc; Barmparas,
Galinos MD; Okoye, Obi MD; Lam, Lydia MD; Talving, Peep MD, PhD; Demetriades,
Demetrios MD, PhD


Abstract

BACKGROUND: Selective nonoperative management (NOM) has been increasingly used
for torso gunshot wounds (GSWs). The optimal observation time required to
exclude a hollow viscus injury is not clear. The purpose of this study was to
determine the safe period of observation before discharge.

METHODS: All patients aged 16 years and older sustaining a torso GSW undergoing
a trial of NOM were prospectively enrolled (January 2009 to January 2011).
Patient demographics, initial computed tomography (CT) results, time to failure
of NOM, operative procedures, and outcomes were collected. Failure of NOM was
defined as the need for operation.

RESULTS: A total of 270 patients sustained a GSW to the torso. Of those, 25
patients (9.3%) died in the emergency department and were excluded leaving 245
patients available for the analysis. Mean age was 26.5 years +/- 9.9 years
(16-62 years), 92.7% (227) were men, and mean Injury Severity Score scale was
13.8 +/- 11.3 (1-45). Overall, 115 patients (46.9%) underwent immediate
exploratory laparotomy based on clinical criteria (72.2% had peritonitis, 27.8%
hypotension, 10.4% unevaluable, and 4.3% evisceration), and 130 patients (53.1%)
underwent evaluation with CT for possible NOM. Of those, 39 patients (30.0%) had
a positive CT and were subsequently operated on. All had significant intra-abdominal
injuries requiring surgical management. A total of 91 patients (70.0%) underwent
a trial of NOM (47 had equivocal CT findings and 44 had a negative examination).
Of these, 8 patients (8.8%) failed NOM and underwent laparotomy (all had
equivocal CT scans). Two patients had a nontherapeutic laparotomy; the remainder
had stomach (50.0%), colon (25.5%), and rectal (12.5%) injuries. The mean time
from admission to development of clinical or laboratory signs of NOM failure was
2 hours:43 minutes +/- 2 hours:23 minutes (0 hour:31 minutes-6 hours:58
minutes). All patients failed within 24 hours of admission.

CONCLUSION: In the initial evaluation of patients sustaining a GSW to the torso,
clinical examination is essential for identifying those who will require
emergency operation. For those undergoing a trial of NOM, all failures occurred
within 24 hours of hospital admission, setting a minimum required observation
period before discharge.

  Iannitelli    Safety Lecture  Personal Protective Equipment

 Our ED culture does pretty good with wearing gloves as PPE.  We do less well with wearing masks and gowns.   This is similar to what the literature reports at other large trauma centers.

We have had approximately 51 sharps  and 17 splash reports for the hospital over the last year or so.     The ED and Surgery residents have the highest rates of sharps injuries.

Through 2010 there have been 57 documented and 143 suspected HIV transmissions due to body fluid exposure for healthcare workers.  There is a 1.8% risk of HCV transmission with needle stick injury. 

 You should wear a face shield, gloves, and gown when there is a reasonable risk of body fluid exposure.  Basically when you walk into a trauma resuscitation, you should be using these protective devices.

 Why do healthcare workers not routinely use PPE?  Lack of availability, lack of convenience, lack of cues to risk of body fluid exposure, concerns about how patient and family members will perceive the doctor wearing PPE.   Things that encourage use of PPE:  having a personal incident of significant body fluid exposure,  cultural shift  of the department. 

 Easiest fix seems to  be to make access to PPE more convenient in the ED.   It would be optimal to have stocked PPE stations in easily accessible places throughout the ED.

 Febbo     Sepsis in the ED

 This is a common and deadly disease.  The mortality of sepsis is much higher than for an acute STEMI.  (16% sepsis, 20%severe sepsis, 46% septic shock,  10% STEMI, 30% massive PE).   This disease is treatable and mortality trends have been improving.

 

*SIRS Criteria   Only about 20% of patients with SIRS have an infection.

*Sepsis Criteria

 Sepsis is infection with systemic manifestations.  Severe sepsis is infection with organ dysfunction.  Septic shock is infection with hypotension refractory to fluids or Lactate >4.

 4 Management priorities: recognize sepsis, broad spectrum antibiotics, resuscitation, and source control.  

Tachypnea is an important clue to sepsis.  Be vigilent for intra-abdominal infections.  Send lactates early and often.   Don’t delay empiric antibiotics for diagnostic results.  Elise comment: Lactates from VBG’s are more accurate than the ones from the lab.  Time to running the test in the lab is probably a big reason for higher (inaccurate) lactates from the lab.   Robbie comment: At South Sub, point of care lactates are available. 

Antibiotics should be administered within one hour.  7% increase in mortality for every hour of delay. 

Source control is frequently overlooked.   Remove indwelling urinary or vascular catheters.  Surgically treat nectrotizing infections, gangrenous organs, and pus collections.  Source control should be obtained within 12 hours.

By the book,  patients with septic shock from C-diff should be considered for hemi-colectomy.  Harwood comment:  I always get a surgical consult in these patients.  If they don’t rapidly improve they should get surgery for hemi-colectomy.

 EGDT by Rivers shows 17% decrease of in-hospital mortality and 50% decrease in sudden CV collapse.

 Process Trial showed we no longer need protocolized care.  After a decade of learning the basic tenants of EGDT standard non-protocolized therapy does just as well as a protocol.    Aggressive early fluid management is a cornerstone of management.  30ml/ Kg should be your initial bolus.  Erik Kulstad said that LR should be the fluid of choice for sepsis resuscitation.   To evaluate further for fluid responsive shock, passive leg raising and watching for a BP elevation within 5 -10 minutes is very specific for fluid responsive hypotension.

 Norepinepherine is first line pressor.  Epinepherine is second line pressor.   Give steroids if pressors are not working.

Transfuse at a hemoglobin of 7.

 Elise comment:  I still think sepsis protocols are useful for docs that are either early in their careers or don’t manage sepsis routinely.

 Procalcitonin has no real utility in the ED.  It is more useful a few days out.  In a patient who has been in the hospital for 2 days with no clear source who is improving and procalcitonin is normal, it is ok to stop antibiotics.

Conference Notes 7-9-2014

Lambert     U/S Image Acquisition and Instrumentation

Medical use ultrasound is very similar to sonar used for naval/submarine applications.   Sound waves are sent out of the transducer and the sound waves reflect off objects.  The ultrasound machine measures the time it takes for the sound wave to return and creates an image based on these time differences as well as the number of reflections from objects of different densities.

On the ultrasound screen, the objects closest to the probe are located at the top of the screen (near field).   More distant objects are lower on the screen (far field).  The more echos that an object/organ reflects to the probe, the brighter the object will be on the screen.

Acoustic impedence depends on the density of the tissue and the speed of U/S in tissue.   These differences account for varied images you see on the screen.  

Ultrasound waves travel very slowly in air compared to soft tissue.  This tends to scatter the sound waves and lessens image quality.  That is why air in the bowel/lung are the enemies of the ultrasonographer

The curvilinear probe is the “work horse probe” for the emergency physician    It is a low frequency probe that has a greater depth of ultrasound penetration into tissue but less resolution.   This is good for imaging the abdomen.

High frequency linear probe has less depth of tissue penetration but higher resolution .  This is good for  identifying  more superficial structures such as abscesses, vessels, and foreign bodies.

Low frequency sound waves have greater depth penetration but less resolution.   High frequency sound waves have less depth penetration but greater resolution.

Near field:  Top half of the screen image.

Far field: Bottom half of screen image.    You loose some resolution in the far field due to loss of sound energy and more widely dispersed sound waves.

Phased array probe is different than other probes.  It’s crystals are not arranged in a linear fashion like the curvilinear or high frequency linear probe.  This probe has a very narrow field of view  in the near field and a wide view in the far field.  It is excellent for finding a window of view through ribs.

Conventional Ultrasound planes:  The dot on the screen points to the head in the longitudinal/sagital orientation and to the patient’s right side in the transverse /axial orientation.   The coronal plane is similar to longitudinal/sagital plane but the probe is on the side of the body.

 

*Imaging planes

Hyperechoic: An object causes more ultrasound reflections than the surrounding tissues.   Hypoechoic: An object that causes less ultrasound reflections than surrounding tissues.   Anechoic: an object causes no ultrasound reflections (example would be water).

High attenuating objects cause a lot of reflection of the ultrasound waves (bone, gallstones) and you get a shadow on the screen beyond this object.  Ultrasound wave can’t get beyond this high attenuating object. 

 

*Gallstone causing shadowing

The diaphragm can cause a mirror image artifact.   You will see an image of the liver on both sides of the diaphragm.  Same with the spleen when you image the left side.

Use the depth switch on the ultrasound machine to optimize your image on the screen.   You want the object of interest to take up the vast majority of the screen.

Use gain buttons to optimize the brightness of your image.   The ultrasound machine has controls for gain in the near field, far field and overall image.

You want to see your area/object of interest in two planes.  You want to see the object to the extent of it’s boundaries.

Lambert              FAST   Exam

FAST=Focused Assessment of Sonography in Trauma.  FAST is the best initial screening modality in trauma patient management

FAST exam has improved the decision making whether to take a trauma patient to the OR.

Indications: Chest or Abdominal trauma,  Trauma in the Pregnant patient,  Unexplained Hypotension.

The goal of the FAST is to  find blood in the peritoneal cavity, chest cavity or pericardium.   Can also look for pneumothorax in the chest.

Subcostal view is an effective way to look for pericardial fluid.  Aim probe to patient’s left chin and probe indicator should be to patient’s right side.  You are trying to obtain a 4 chamber view.  Any fluid between the liver and heart in this view is in the pericardium.

 

*Subcostal view with pericardial fluid

Next view is Parasternal long view of the heart.  Try to get the image with apex of the heart to the left side of the screen.  Fluid in the pericardium can be seen between the heart and the descending aorta.

 

*Parasternal long view with pericardial fluid

Look for hemoperitoneum in Morrison’s pouch or the spleno-renal recess.

 

*Fluid in Morrison’s pouch between liver and kidney with the RUQ view

 

*Small Fluid in the spleno-renal recess

Last abdominal view in the FAST exam is the suprapubic window.   Look for fluid posterior or around the bladder.

 

*Suprapubic view with fluid around bladder

Last thing to check is bilateral lungs for pneumothorax.  Ultrasound is very sensitive and specific for pneumothorax (High 90’s% for both).   Look for non-movement of pleura between the ribs.

FAST is primarily for the trauma patient but emergency physicians use aspects of the FAST for many other problems such as shock, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and dyspnea.

Neal  Lyons       Update to Sepsis  Order Set

There are new time expectations to get a lactate, give fluids, antibiotics (3 hours) and pressors and second lactate (6 hours)

Initial Fluid bolus is 30ml/kg

First line pressor is norepinephrine.   Second line pressor is epinephrine.   Elise comment: norepinepherine can be given peripherally at low dose until you get a central line placed.   Low dose dopamine peripherally is no safer than norepinephrine peripherally. 

 Lambert and Team Ultrasound   FAST Workshop

Conference Notes 7-3-2014

Here's to the start of another outstanding academic year!  Welcome to all the new ACMC EM Interns!

 Beckemeyer/Girzadas  Oral Boards

Case1.  30 yo pregnant female presented after MVC.  Patient had hypotension, abdominal pain/cramping and vaginal bleeding. FAST showed no intra-peritoneal blood and the fetus was bradycardic. Traumatic Placental Abruption with associated DIC was the diagnosis.  Critical actions were to place patient in left lateral decubitus position to off-load the IVC, resuscitation with blood products and fluids, consult OB to perform emergent c-section.   One learning point was that in this situation it would be prudent to activate the massive transfusion policy.  These patients may require large quantities of PRBC’s, platelets, FFP and cryoprecipitate.  Another key point is that ultrasound is insensitive for diagnosing placental abruption.  However, if ultrasound is positive for abruption, it is very specific.  In the stable patient, fetal monitoring has a higher sensitivity for picking up abruption.

 Case2.  40 yo male presents with palpitations and rapid heart rate.  EKG showed an irregular rhythm with both wide and narrow complexes. 

Diagnosis was AFIB with WPW aberrant conduction.  

Critical actions:  attempt chemical cardioversion with procainamide (preferred choice), ibutilide, or amiodarone.  When the patient decompensated and became hypotensive, proceed to electrical cardioversion.  Harwood made the point that Afib can be resistant to electrical cardioversion so it was prudent to perform cardioversion at an initially high dose like 150-200J.

Case3.   6 yo female with gross deformity of her left elbow after falling from her bike.  Xrays showed a Gartland 3 supracondylar fracture.  Critical actions were to treat pain, perform a careful NV exam, and arrange urgent/emergent surgery.  There was general agreement among the faculty that they would not attempt closed reduction of a displaced supracondylar fracture unless the neurovascular status of the affected limb was severely impaired and there was going to be a significant delay to get the patient to the OR.   If the patient has a diminished radial pulse, check for warmth of fingers, cap refill, pulse ox wave form of fingers of affected extremity, and doppler the radial pulse.   If any of these are present and you can get the patient to surgery within 2-4 hours just keep patient in the position of comfort and no need for the emergency physician to attempt closed reduction.

 

Lovell/Urumov/C. Kulstad     How to Give a Good Lecure

First tip: To give a more engaging lecture minimize your use of power point.   Try to think of non-powerpoint methods to interact with the audience.

Be sure you have your technology pre-tested,  and make sure it is working before you try to use it during a presentation.

Elise gave a “bad presentation” example and the audience made the following comments:  You need to have good contrast between fonts/background on your slides.   Spell check your slides.   Get out from the podium to interact with the audience.    Change up your intonation and pace of speech to keep the audience engaged.  Limit your slides to 6 lines with only 6 words in each line.   More than that is too much.  Reading your  slides verbatim is the marker of not being prepared/putting the talk together at the last minute. 

 The audience is only capable of picking up 3 key points from any lecture.  So hammer home those points.

 Elise’s “good talk” example was given next:  Talk had an exciting title that immediately hooked the audience.  She asked the audience questions.  Each topic started with a relevant case example.  She gave focused learning points.  The lecture points were very EM clinically oriented.  She hammered home the key points repeatedly.  More useful diagrams on her slides.  Slides had no more than 6 lines with 6 or less words in each line.  She knew her audience and really presented the topic in an EM relevant way.   She wrapped up the talk with a nice summary/wrap-up/repeat of the key points.    Harwood comment:  Powerpoint is not all bad.  It helps you organize your topic.  It allows you to use pictures and videos and give info in a concise way.  The key is to be interactive when using powerpoint.

 Andrej’s “bad talk”:   Audience comment:  Anrdrej was apologizing for his talk.  Multiple spelling errors on his slide.   Too much data on a slide.   He had a phone call interruption during his talk.   He was very non-specific in his learning points.  Poorly developed explanations of the information on his slides.   He started reading his slides facing away from his audience and toward the screen.   Impossible to read his slides due to lack of contrast.  Unappealing slides.  Distracting transitions.   Weak opening.  Self-undercutting of his authority.  Playing with coins in his topic was very distracting.

 Iannitelli comment: About 10% of the population is color bind so black/white and blue/yellow or blue/white are better than most other colors.

Andrej’s “good talk”:  Much more interesting title.  Slide colors were very good.  He engaged the audience and asked them questions and examples.  Kept slides to six lines with no more than 6 words per line.  Graphs and charts were much more clear and he explained them with much more clarity.

 Christine’s  “bad talk”:  Too much info on the slides.  Pictures on the slides were very small.   She was shifting back and forth constantly while facing the screen.   She frequently contradicted herself while speaking.   There were misspellings on the slide.  Her video link did not work.    

Christine’s “good talk”: Much more interesting title.   Pictures larger and more pertinent to her presentation. Much fewer words on each slide.   She faced the audience while speaking.  Not constantly shifting back and forth.   The explanation of each slide was much more clear.   The intonation and pace of her speech was much more varied and effective.

 Elise comment: Always finish your talk early to be respectful of peoples’ time.

 Beckemeyer and Permar     Resuscitation of the Critically Ill/Cardiac Arrest Patient

The ABCDEF's of critical thinking during a resuscitation. 

 A=Aorta and acidosis.  Always consider these two entities as causes of shock.

B=Bagging and Baby on Board.   Avoid hyperventilating patients and always consider that a female may be pregnant

C=Compressions and Cooling.  Push hard and fast for CPR and Cool the patient when you get ROSC.

D= Defibrillation/CPR push hard and push fast/Cool the patient if you get ROSC.  Keep compressions going when you are charging the defibrillator.   There is some debate about the safety of compressions during defibrillation. Harwood comment: it is probably safe.  Erik comment:  there is no way for the person doing compressions to sustain a shock from the defibrillator.

D=Drugs/Dextrose   Consider overdose and hypoglycemia in the altered critically ill patient.  Multiple attendings said they had intubated patients who were later found to be hypoglycemic.

D=DOPES  mnemonic for ventilation/oxygenation problems with ventilator.  Dislodgement/Obstruction/Pneumothorax/Equipment failure/Stacking breaths in COPD/Asthma

E=Effusion and Embolus   Pericardial effusion can look clinically like a PE.   Do an echo before you start treating PE.  The treatment for these two diseases is markedly different.   Electrical alternans is classically associated with pericardial effusion.  Echo can be helpful identifying both diseases.  EKG in PE can show S1Q3T3 and/or t wave inversion inferiorly and anteriorly. 

If BP improves markedly with intubation consider the diagnosis of PE. Positive pressure ventilation improves the hemodynamics of the PE patient.  

F=Forget about it.   These don’t work for resuscitation: Bicarb, mag, lidocaine, and atropine.  Lidocaine and defasiculating meds for RSI.   Trandelenburg positioning.

LVAD  Team      Care of the LVAD Patient

 Most patients would survive for awhile if the LVAD battery power ran out.  Some would die in a few minutes.

All patient who get an LVAD have an EF <25%.  They are all in class 3-4 heart failure.

LVAD has been shown to improve quality of life and survival.  The LVAD team has a patient who is still working as an anesthesiologist with an LVAD!  

All VAD’s have the same 4 components: 1. Inflow cannula in the apex of left ventricle pointing at the mitral valve.   2. Mechanical pump.    3. Outflow cannula to the aorta.   4. Drive line.   The drive line is connected to a controller.    The LVAD team has seen multiple patients present through the ED with a disconnected drive line.  This simple problem can prove to be fatal.  

 If a patient presents with critically low battery power.  Call SHU or 9E/W to get extra batteries brought down.

Everyone in the audience was given the opportunity  to connect/disconnect the drive line and battery packs to practice.  If a patient is in the ER with a disconnected drive line or battery, these need to be re-connected ASAP.   Some patients have died due to a disconnected drive line.

 There should be a VAD Coordinator in the hospital from 7a to 7p.   If they are not physically present in the ED they are available by phone.  ASHU is another resource to contact if you have any difficulty getting a VAD Coordinator.

 Resucitation:  Chest compressions are indicated during resuscitation if the pump is not working (If the pump is not working, it will be alarming).  If the pump is working  and not alarming, you don’t need to do CPR because the pump is working.  

It is thought that good chest  compressions prevent clotting of an LVAD with pump failure.  Defibrillation is OK for V-fib.  Never disconnect patient from LVAD equipment.   If the pump is not working it is ok to give milrinone to increase contractility.   It is ok to give levophed for hypotension.

 If  AICD is firing,  get the AICD interrogated.  There is a phenomenon of “phantom shocks” in patients who have been shocked multiple times in the past.  Consult the EP cardiologist.  The LVAD team fixes the plumbing (LVAD) but doesn’t deal with the electricity (AICD).   The most common problem causing AICD firing is hypovolemia.   Dehydration from the flu is enough to cause hypovolemia and AICD firing.  

Depending on how high the flow rate is set on the LVAD, a patient may or may not have a pulse.  Accurate measurement of  BP is only possible via an A-line in a patient with no pulse.  You may be able to hear a single kortokof sound when taking a brachial bood pressure using a Doppler.  In a pulseless patient that sound corresponds most likely to a mean arterial pressure.  In a patient with a pulse the kortofkoff sound corresponds to a systolic pressure.  

It is ok to give cautious fluids to a patient you think is hypovolemic.   Echo may be helpful to determine if a patient is hypovolemic.  You may see LV collapse due to the pump sucking all the blood out of the under-filled LV.

If the VAD is not alarming, the VAD is working.  In an altered patient with a non-alarming LVAD, the patient’s altered mental status is likely due to a non-VAD cause.

Elise comment:  In a hypotensive LVAD patient  that does not have a pump alarm going off  you have got to look for non-VAD causes.   LVAD team response: Get CT head for stroke, check their HGB (significant anemia for these patients is around 7-8), do a rectal exam for GI bleeding, look for sepsis,  check an LDH and peripheral smear for hemolysis. 

 There is one case of pump failure that won’t cause the pump to alarm and that is a clotted pump.  The pump doesn’t alarm because it is still running.  However it can’t pump clotted blood. These patients will present with chest pain, SOB, acute heart failure, and hemolysis (LDH > 1000).   These patients need to go to the OR immediately for a new pump. 

 Best central line approach in the LVAD patient is a Right IJ.

Conference Notes 6-11-2014

Farewell to the Class of 2014!  You are an awesome class and we are going to miss you! (See pic below)

No conference notes for the next two weeks: Pig Lab next week and Intern Orientation starts the following week.  We'll pick back up with conference on July 2nd. 

Kmetuk/Bolton      Oral Boards

Case 1.  Infant presents with Jaundice.  Total bili is 22 with indirect bili predominating.   Diagnosis was breast feeding jaundice. Critical actions: Get rectal temp, order CBC/coombs/smear/fractionated bilirubin, administer IV fluids, initiate phototherapy.   Most common jaundice is physiologic.  Always be alert for sepsis causing jaundice in an infant(Look for fever, poor feeding, not well appearing).  Infants can also have breast feeding or breast milk jaundice.    Elise comment: I don’t routinely get a coombs test on jaundiced infants, unless there are signs of hemolysis on the CBC or the patient appears ill. Harwood comment: you gotta plot out the bilirubin level on the time graph.

 

*Bilirubin/Time Chart for Phototherapy

Case 2.  Patient presents with pulseless/painful leg.  Pt was also found to have afib.  Critical actions:  Give pain medication, start IV heparin, consult vascular surgery.   If you get an ABI to evaluate arterial flow in a limb, any measurement less than 0.9 is a concern.  Less than 0.5 mandates urgent vascular consult.  Girzadas comment: If you identify a pulseless extremity,  think Afib, dissection, and endocarditis in addition to severe atherosclerosis.  Harwwod comment: You have to check every pulse in the affected extremity to try to identify where the clot is.

Case 3. 18yo male with SOB.   Patient was found to be cyanotic.   Methemoglobin level was elevated to 55%.  Pulse ox was 85%.  Further history identified that the patient was using “poppers”   Critical actions:  Intubation, get ABG with co-ox/metHgb, administer IV methylene blue (1-2mg/kg).  MetHGB can be measured on VBG.  Patients with G6PD don’t respond to methylene blue.   Poppers are amyl nitrate inhalers and are used for getting high and for sphincter relaxation.   Girzadas comment: Andrea and Ted always make the point that if you see a pulse ox of 85% you gotta think methemoglobinemia.  Andrea comment: Methemoglobin produces a light wavelength that gives you a pulse ox of 85%.   Andrea comment: Don’t give narcan to an intubated patient. It’s just poor form.  You have the airway managed so narcan will do nothing for the patient except possibly agitate them. 

  Elise comment: Check pupils and skin to identify a toxidrome in any tox case on oral boards.  

Hemming   Penetrating Neck Injuries

 Zone 1 of the neck:  Includes lungs, aorta, subclavian vessels, vertebral arteries, esophagus

Zone 2: cricoid to angle of mandible: Largest/Most commonly injured area

Zone 3: Angle of the mandible to base of the skull.   Difficult surgical access. 

Girzadas comment: To remember if zone 3 is at the top or the bottom, think 3^rd ventricle.  There is not 3 of anything in the chest .  Humerous Elise comment: There are 4 ventricles though!   Maletich comment: I think of an elevator going up to the third floor.

* Zones of neck with structures in each zone 

Hard signs of significant neck injury: active external bleeding, bruit or thrill, expanding/pulsatile hematoma, oropharyngeal bleeding, sucking neck wound, neuro deficit.  subQ air, blood in oropharynx, stridor.

 Traditional approach:  If there is  physical sign of penetrating injury to neck:

 zones 1&3 if the patient is stable, should get CT angiography/endoscopy/

bronchoscopy.

zone 2 should go to OR for exploration (stable or unstable).

There is a “no zone” approach:  If penetration of any zone and stable, then patient gets a CT angio +/_ esophogoscopy/bronchoscopy.  If significant injury found then patients goes to OR .  Unstable patients go to OR without imagng.

 Flexible endoscopy has very high sensitivity for esophageal injuries.  CT can miss some esophageal injuries.

1/3 of vertebral artery injuries are asymptomatic.  Most do not have neurologic sequelae. 

Zone 2 injuries with physical findings require exploration.

RSI is considered safe

Physical exam is a powerful tool to identify significant neck injuries.

Elise comment: Is trauma taking all Zone 2 injuries to OR?  Hemming response: If patient has no hard signs of injury and a non-threatening bullet trajectory, they will do CT/endoscopy.

Harwood comment: If I was working in a non-level 1 hospital and was confronted with a patient who had suffered a penetrating neck injury, my general approach would be  to first intubate those who need it .  Next, any Zone 2 injury gets trasnferred to the nearest Trauma Center.   Zones1 & 3 with low risk signs symptoms can be managed selectively with CT Angio and possibly not get transferred.  This raised a lively discussion about who to transfer.  The majority of faculty would transfer all penetrating neck injuries and not try to manage any of them at a non-level 1 ED.

Carlson    Toxicology Axioms

16 yo female with epigastric pain. There was family conflict preceding this episode of pain.  Pt had  prior history of cutting and overdose.  Labs show hyperglycemia and acidosis.  ASA is undetectable.  On further lab investigation, Iron level was 800.  If you see hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis think ASA and Iron.    Axiom: It’s not tox until you think of tox.

Tox Mimicry: It looks like Food poisoning: could be CO, digoxin, arsenic.   You suspect SubArachnoid Hemorhage: think CO.   You are considering Meningitis:  Think ASA.    Ibuprofen overdose can also give meningeal signs.  Looks like Sepsis: think cyanide, calcium channel blockers, asa.    You are pretty sure it is DKA: consider Iron, AKA, ASA, toxic alcohols, CCB’s, cyanide.  Pt has Acute psychosis: consider hallucinogens, sympathomimetics, salicylates, digoxin, anticholinergics, alcohol/sedative withdrawl.

 46 yo male with hx of MS and depression. Acutely confused.  Family suspects baclofen overdose because they can’t  find the baclofen bottle.  Pt was febrile and hypertensive.  Pt had abdominal pain and diarrhea.  This is a classic picture of baclofen withdrawl not baclofen overdose.  Pt had placed the plastic jar containing all his baclofen in his rectum for no logical reason.  So he did indeed have baclofen withdrawl.  All his baclofen was in the plastic bottle that was shoved in his rectum.

 Male in respiratory distress after using “cocaine”.  Patient clinically has SLUDGE syndrome.  Cocaine does not normally cause a SLUDGE toxidrome, it causes a sympathomimetic toxidrome.   The Cocaine was cut with malathion (organophosphate insecticide) causing SLUDGE.   Axiom: Know your Toxidromes.   Opioid, sympathomimetic, sedative-hypnotic, anticholinergic, cholinergic, opioid withdrawl.    Kelly comment: we had a case recently of a patient with an opiod appearing toxidrome that turned out to be a pontine hemorrhage.  Kind of a reverse tox mimic.

 Axiom: Check your Ego at the door. Don’t be shy, call the poison center for help.

 3yo male found with open bottle of Tylenol.   PMD sent child to ED to get NG tube and activated charcoal.  ED doc should always calculate the worse case scenario based on type of medication and the size of pill bottle.  Check APAP level at 4 hours.  No need for NG and charcoal.  If 4 hour level is toxic, start  NAC.  If it is non-toxic, patient can be discharged.  Axiom: Sometimes it is OK to do nothing. It is OK not to decontaminate. Just document that the risks of decontamination outweigh the benefit.  Decontamination options are gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation.   The senior faculty had a chuckle about how times have changed when a quick survey showed that none of the current residents had ever done a  gastric lavage on a patient.     Old school  faculty reminisced that we all did probably 3 lavages a weekend when we were residents.  Definitely the emergency management of toxic ingestions has evolved significantly over the years.  All faculty were glad that we don’t have to lavage patients hardly ever anymore.

44yo female who overdosed on INH.  Antidote is pyridoxine gram for gram.  Axiom: Don’t get  caught with your scrubs down.  As soon as you start to consider this diagnosis, call the pharmacy to start mobilizing enough pyridoxine. You might need to call other hospitals. Pyridoxine is usually only stocked in limited amounts.  Atropine is also under-stocked in the hospital if you have to manage a cholinergic poisoning.  Elise comment: In a pinch, you can have a patient with a cholinergic toxidrome drink atropine eye drops which actually has a large amount of bioavailable atropine.

46yo male took 35 tabs of Verapamil SR.  Atropine, Ca, glucgon, insulin/glucose all given with no significant improvement.  The poison control center found that the emergency physician was under-dosing all the above meds.  Axiom:It’s toxicology, not homeopathy.  Give the patient enough antidote!  Ingestions that need a lot of antidote: CCB’s, Beta blockers, organophosphates, botanical glycosides, flourides, clonidine, sodium channel blockers, INH, gyromitra.

Patient ingested OCP’s and Etoh in a suicide attempt. Pt was deeply comatose. ETOH level was 110.  Initial APAP/ASA, ABG is normal.  Repeat labs showed anion gap and metabolic acidosis.  Toxic alcohols were drawn late and were negative.  Pt still was dialyzed and found to have toxic alcohol ingestion.  Toxic alcohols were low because they had been metabolized by the time the blood was drawn.  Toxic alcohols are more intoxicating gram per gram than ETOH.  Axiom: There are toxicologic hidden killers.

Hidden or delayed killers: APAP, Iron, MAO’s, methanol, amanita mushrooms, sustained release drugs, and illicit drug packets.

22yo female possibly took whole bottle of theophylline.  Charcoal given.  Theophylline level was therapeutic.  Pt admitted to psych.  9 hours later pt had seizures due to a theophylline level that was  toxic.  Axiom: Sometimes you need to get serial drug levels.  Serial levels advised for asa valproate (SR), lithium (SR), carbamazepine (SR), CO from methylene choloride, and theophylline.

16 yo male with a seizure at a party.  Axiom: Most tox patients will do well with supportive care alone.  The top 2 things show to improve mortality are managing the airway and controlling hyperthermia.   Other important management items are treating hypotension, correct acid/base disorders, control seizures/agitation.

Negro     Safety Lecture     The Agitated Patient

 50% of physical attacks that occur on healthcare workers happen in the ED.

Our main job is to gain control of the situation, protect staff, and rule out an organic cause for the agitation.

These cases have high physician medico-legal risk and have a high patient morbidity and mortality.

Agitation can be primary or secondary.  Primary causes are due to patient’s psychological response to stressors such as police, family, financial stress.  Secondary causes are drugs, psychiatric illness, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, etc.

Elise comment: Never let an agitated patient get between you and the door.  Residents’ comment: Be aware of your safety in the quiet room.  Do not let too many people into the quiet room when you have to give the family bad news.  Make sure you can get out the door at all times.

Indications for restraint: prevent harm to patient, staff, or other patients.

Physical restraint: This is a team activity.  You should have 5 staff members to physically restrain a patient.  Never place the patient in prone position. The patient should be supine.  Arms should be restrained one up and one down.  Left leg restraint should be tied to right of cart and right leg restraint should be tied to left side of cart.

 

*patient physical restraint.  Only quibble with this image is that leg restraint should be tied to opposite side of cart so patient can't kick out.

Chemical restraint: Using a drug to manage a patient’s behavior or limit their movement.

Start with a benzo.  Long acting benzo (Ativan) usually preferred.  Second drug is an atypical antipsychotic such as IM Geodon.   Pharmacist comment: Geodon can prolong QT interval.  Elise comment: If I have a suspicion of a risk of long QT, I would stick with higher dose benzos +/_ ketamine 5mg/kg IM or 2 mg/kg IV instead of using antipsychotics.

Typical psychotics that can be used are droperidol or Haldol.  These also carry risks of QT prolongation.  

Febbo comment: don’t mix zyprexa with benzo’s due to risk of increased respiratory depression.

Weingart suggestion (EMCrit): 5mg droperidol and 5 mg of versed IM.

Agitated or Excited Delerium: pt is completely out of control,  pt is psychotic, vitals show tachycardia, tachypnea, htn.  Pt has incredible strength.  Many deaths have been reported.  Taser-related deaths are commonly associated with this disorder. These patients require rapid chemical restraint.  They are very dangerous to themselves and others.

Iannitelli comment: Be aware of personal risk when you approach a patient to examine them.  Place your hand on the patient’s closest arm so you can push away rapidly if they reach for you.

EM-3 Farewell Lecture

 

Conference Notes 6-4-2014

Purnell/Patel             Oral Boards

Case 1.    15 month old presents with  choking/drooling/possible seizure.   Temp is 37.7.  No PMH and no meds.  By the time the physician examines the patient the event has resolved.   CXR shows coin lodged in esophagus at clavicles (thoracic inlet).          Critical Actions:  Consult GI for endoscopic removal of coin.    Most coins (70%) get stuck at the thoracic inlet.  15% lodge in mid esophagus and 15% at lower esophageal sphincter.   

 

Case 2.   33 yo male presents with no pulse.  Pt was electrocuted while working on power lines.  Rhythm on monitor is ventricular fibrillation.  Patient requires defibrillation.    Labs show markedly elevated CK.  Patient also has a compartment syndrome of the forearm.   Critical Actions: Defibrillate,  start amiodarone, give aggressive IV hydration for rhabdomyolysis,  get emergent surgery consult for fasciotomy for compartment syndrome.   Update Tdap.   Cosnult Burn Center.    Elise comment: Don’t say I want to shock the patient.  You need to specifically say either “I am going to cardiovert the patient” or  “I am going to defibrillate the patient”.  Any time patient’s clinical status changes, be sure to re-evaluate the whole patient just as you would do in real practice.   Be sure to differentiate between escharotomy and fasciotomy.   Escharotomy is cutting through severely, circumferentially burned skin to relieve tissue compression.  This patient had compartment syndrome for electrical burn and needed fasciotomy.  Most likely mechanism of injury is heating of bone which has high electrical resistance and  resultant injury to surrounding muscle compartments.  Also, in the patient who suffered severe electrical injury consider other injuries such as C-Spine injury or head injury.

*Fasciotomy (google image)

*Escharotomy (google image)

Case 3.     27yo female presents with generalized seizure.  Patient also has fever/tachycardia/hypertension.  Urine pregnancy test is negative. Patient was travelling through airport and developed seizure while in customs.      Critical Actions: Initial Ativan terminates seizure.   Patient was intubated for airway protection when her mental status did not clear and she had pooling secretions in her airway.  Patient was found to be a drug packer.  IV Ativan given again.  IV phentolamine was also given for severe hypertension.  Consult surgery for emergent laparotomy.   Difference between packer and stuffer: Packers carefully wrap drugs to prevent spillage and put a large amount of these packages in their gut.  Stuffers rapidly put un-packed drug in their mouth and swallow it to avoid arrest for drug possession by unexpected arrival of  police.

*Drug Packer (google image)

*Drug packages removed from above patient (google image)

Maletich comment: If you are going to lap a patient should you be giving whole bowel irrigation?  Elise comment: If patients are toxic from the drug they packed, you go to surgical mode and patient should get an emergent laparotomy.  WBI is only for asymptomatic packers.  Christine comment: Be aggressive with benzos in the management of cocaine toxicity.  Elise comment:  Any oral boards patients from the airport will likely be a tox case or  an infectious disease case.

Harwood comments:  patient 1 needs to get endoscopy,  patient 2 needs to go to a Burn Center,  patient 3 needs to go to OR.  The choice of phentolamine for hypertension related to cocaine toxicity was excellent.

EM/PEDS      Joint Conference    Appendicitis

There still is a lot of controversy  regarding the best management of appendicitis.

In a patient with high likelihood of appendicitis do you need imaging?  Lobe response:  If the diagnosis is clear cut I don’t need imaging.  Other surgeons present felt ultrasound as the first imaging study was safe and indicated in most patients being evaluated for appendicitis. 

Mary Ann Collins comment:  In uncomplicated appendicitis we chose cefoxitin antibiotic coverage peri-operatively based on antibiograms for gram negative gut flora and anaerobes.

Lam comment: Approximately 50% of ultrasounds for pediatric appendicitis are non- diagnostic.  Collins and Slidell comments:  Radiology is working to decrease their rate of non-diagnostic ultrasounds.   CT imaging does carry radiation risk.   You can lower the dosage of radiation for CT’s in kids.  This is protocolized for all kids getting an appendicitis CT study here at ACMC.  

Lo comment: A non diagnostic U/S is not entirely unhelpful info.   The fact that nothing was seen on the U/S does lower the risk of appendicitis.

Slidell comment: MRI for pediatric appendicitis works well.  It may be something we will start doing in the near future.   2013 study of MRI for appendicitis showed 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity of MRI for appendicitis with no radiation exposure.   This modality is probably useful only for teenagers due to the need for the patient to be very still.

In a patient with moderate probability for appendicitis: When the ultrasound is indeterminate,  is there a role for serial exams instead of going to CT?    Panel all agreed that serial exams have a role.

If U/S is read as negative, does that rule out appendicitis?  Panel agreed yes it does.

If U/S is positive for appendicitis can the patient be treated with antibiotics instead of surgery?   Surgeons’ comments: There is a limited role for antibiotics as definitive appendicitis management but we don’t have good criteria to select which patients will succeed with antibiotic management.

There was agreement that if there is a radiologic diagnosis of appendicitis and OR is planned for several hours later then starting IV antibiotics is indicated. 

Harwood comment: Which antibiotic and when is the best option for uncomplicated appendicitis that is waiting to go to OR?     Slidell and Collins response is the answer is not clear.  Very muddy waters.  Cefoxitin is a reasonable choice.  Surgeons prefer that ED physicians start antibiotics in ED.

Slidell      Un-Complicated Appendicitis

There is much variability both nationally and internationally regarding the management of appendicitis.

Atypical presentations occur in 50% of cases.  The diagnosis is more difficult in kids less than 4 years old, females, and those with co-morbid illness.

There may be different types of appendicitis that have different courses of illness.

Most hospitals have a negative appendectomy rate from 0-17%  median is about 2.5%.

Median range of ruptured appendicitis is 37%.

Median LOS for uncomplicated appendicitis is 1.8 days.  Ruptured appendicitis patients stay for 5.2 days.

Laparoscopic surgery is the predominant approach for surgical management of appendicitis.

Risk factors for complicated appendicitis: poor healthcare access, children under 4 years old, co-morbid illness.

No increase in perforation rate or morbidity if surgery is delayed 12-24 hours.  In general outcomes are better during day time compared to night time surgery.

Timing of surgery within 12-24 hours of presentation does not affect outcome or complication rate of appendicitis.  There are studies showing that delaying surgery beyond 24 hours does increase perforation risk.   Bill Schroeder comment: What is the start time for all these studies, onset of symptoms, time of presentation to ED,  or time of radiologic diagnosis?  Slidell response: It is not standardized in these studies.  My take is that we should operate as soon as possible and 12-24 hours from ED presentation seems reasonable.

Children operated in the morning after overnight antibiotics had lower rate of abscess formation.

Antibiotics for appendicitis: Peri-operative antibiotics for 24 hours in un-complicated appendicitis.    Perforated appendicitis gets about a week of antibiotics.   Gangrenous appendicitis falls somewhere in-between.  At ACMC we include gangrenous appendicitis in the perforated group and manage them with 7 days of antibiotics.

Treatment of appendicitis with antibiotics only has a success rate of  about 70% vs. 97% success rate of surgery. (Cochrane review of mostly adults).  20-50% of patients treated with antibiotics alone will eventually need surgery for appendicitis within the next 12 months.

Small study of kids recently showed that 27 of 30 kids managed with antibiotics only had no problems by 6 moths. 

Possible risks factors for failure of antibiotic  therapy are: fecolith on imaging, duration of symptoms more than 24 hours, WBC>18, elevated CRP.  There is a current multi-center study based at U of C  assessing this issue.

Harwood comment: Kids managed with antibiotics will need imaging their whole life if they have abdominal pain.  Also it has been shown that patients treated with antibiotics tend to have a higher incidence of chronic abdominal pain.

Some surgeons make the analogy that non-complicated appendicitis is essentially a version of diverticulitis.   If you treat with antibiotics, it makes the surgery no longer an emergency.  Appendectomy becomes semi-selective once antibiotic therapy has been initiated.   This is not the concept that lay people have known previously.  Harwood comment: The analogy is not perfect.  You have one appendix and potentially hundreds of diverticuli.   Diverticulitis has a high cure rate with antibiotics @99%.  Appendicitis cure rates with antibiotics are @70%.  There is a very low risk surgical procedure to treat appendicitis.  Surgery for diverticulitis has higher risks and at times results in colostomy.  So uncomplicated appendicitis has worse cure rates with antibiotics and lower risks associated with surgery than diverticulitis.

Advanced Procedure Lab

 

 

Conference Notes 5-28-2014

Chan        Study Guide   Genitourinary

 In a female with recurrent uti’s you have to treat presumptively  for STD’s.   Treat with ceftriaxone and azithromycin and flagyl.    Elise and Harwood comment:  You should treat for GC/Chlamydia/Trich.    Also you should consider interstitial cystitis as a diagnosis.   Girzadas asked the question if other faculty are checking EKG’s for long QT interval prior to prescribing Zithromax.  Most faculty felt Girzadas was being overly compulsive.  Girzadas said he has picked up a couple of patients with QT intervals over 500 with  screening ekg’s.   Most faculty were not swayed. 

 Fournier’s gangrene:  polymicrobial etiology,  aggressive infection in genital/ perineal region.   Requires emergent surgical debridement.   Most commonly this occurs in poorly-controlled diabetic males.  Antibiotic coverage should include gram positives & negatives and anaerobes. 

There was a discussion among faculty about asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant patients.   Elise and Kelly get a formal urinalysis on pregnant patients in the ED to look for bacteriuria.  If they find it, they treat for a week.   Harwood does not look for bacteriuria with a formal urinalysis.  He just does a urine dip and makes a treatment decision based on that.   Resident reports about our OB clinics is that they don’t routinely screen for bacteriuria.  Faculty felt they have a different patient population than we do and we may need to look for this more aggressively.

Up to Date Reference: Bacteriuria has been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and perinatal mortality. In clinical practice,  only one screening voided urine specimen is typically obtained, and treatment is usually started in women with ≥10⁵ cfu/mL without obtaining a confirmatory repeat culture. Multiple studies have been performed to assess whether rapid screening tests, such as dipstick, enzymatic screen, reagent strip, or interleukin-8, might have comparable sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value to urine culture for the detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women [20-22]. These methods do not come close to urine culture in terms of sensitivity and specificity and should not be used.

Girzadas comment: It looks to me like you probably need a urine culture to definitively diagnose asymptomatic bacteriuria.

 There was a discussion about the difference between the terms pathognomonic and sine qua non:   Pathognomonic is a very specific symptom or sign.   Sine qua non is a very sensitive symptom or sign. 

 Treatment of priapism: Aspirate corpora cavernosa.   If that doesn’t solve the problem,  and inject 1ml of diluted phenylephrine into the corpus cavernosum every 3-5 minutes until resolution.   Harwood comment: you don’t have to inject both sides.  There is a vascular communication between both corpora cavernosum.

Attempt at detorsion of testicular torsion should be the technique of “opening the book”    If you get partial relief with 180 degrees of detorsion it is ok to detorse further.  If your attempt worsens pain,  try using the “close the book” technique.  Pt’s still need surgery after successful manual detorsion because they are at risk for recurrent torsion.

*Open Book Detorsion Technique

Epididymitis: >35 yrs old is more likely due to ecoli.   <35 is more likely STD  #1 is chlamydia and #2 is GC.  If you get an U/S diagnosis of epidydimitis in a child, Cindy said she was told by Dr. Nold that the diagnosis is more likely torsed appendix testes.  Most faculty would manage this child with a urine culture, starting antibiotics to cover ecoli and give an NSAID for possible torsed appendix testes.  Kelly comment: There is literature supporting conservative management with no antibiotics in kids with an ultrasound diagnosis of epididymitis.  Treat only if pyuria is present or urine culture comes back positive.

3 anatomic locations where kidney stones get stuck in the ureter: ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim/crossing over iliac vessels, ureterovesicular junction.   If a stone makes it to the disal third of the ureter, 70% will pass spontaneously.   

 

*Kidney stone anatomic areas of getting stuck

Balanitis= inflammation of the glans.   Balanoposthitis=inflammation of glans & foreskin.

 Paraphimosis reduction techniques include: compression with ace bandage,  osmotic agents, puncture technique, forceps retraction, and dorsal slit procedure.

 

Paraphimosis puntcure technique 

Avoid urinary catheterization in patients who can void spontaneously and can sit on a bed pan/commode or ambulate to bathroom.  You want to avoid catheter associated uti’s in these patients.

Intraperitoneal bladder rupture: gross hematuria in 98% of patients.  Usually it occurs in a patient with a full bladder who suffers a compressive force (MVC) causing bladder to rupture at dome.   Extraperitoneal bladder rupture usually is due to a pelvic bone fragment perforating the bladder. 

*Intraperitoneal bladder rupture (you can visualize bowel loops due to contrast)

*Extraperitoneal bladder rupture

Negro/Herron        Oral Boards

Case1.   50yo male exposed to unknown gas in a train station.  Multiple casualties at this incident.  Pt has diarrhea and vomiting.   HR=40.   SLUDGE (cholinergic) toxidrome.  Diagnosis: Nerve gas (organophosphate) poisoning.    Critical actions:  decontamination,  personal protective equipment Atropine hi dose,   2-PAM (Pralidoxime), , airway control if needed.    Avoid succinylcholine in these patients because there is competitive inhibition of the succinylcholine by the cholinergic agent.  Use rocuronium in higher than normal dose    Kelly , Harwood, and Elise comment: Step one in managing these patients is using personal protective equipment, decontamination of the patient, getting unnecessary personnel away from the resuscitation room.   EMS personnel know this but ED docs don’t do this naturally.  We need to address resuscitation safety for our team first before we start treating the patient.   Andrea comment: Your first call should be to a poison center.  They can mobilize atropine resources.  You frequently will use up your hospital resources of atropine.   Girzadas comment:  In a previous conference notes it was discussed that having a patient drink atropine eye drops actually can provide a very large dose of atropine for a patient in a mass casualty event if IV atropine is not available.

Case2.     23yo female with  lower abdominal pain and shuffling gait.   On exam, patient has CMT.   U/S is negative.  Diagnosis: PID with peritonitis.    Critical actions: IV antibiotics, admission.   Not all PID patients need to be admitted. Criteria for admission for PID : pregnancy, non-compliance with treatment,  not improving with oral meds, TOA, high fever, nausea and vomiting, severe abdominal pain/peritonitis, need for surgery, other possible diagnoses like appendicitis.

Case3.     15yo male presents pulseless after sustaining blunt trauma to chest in hockey game.   EKG shows V-fib.      Diagnosis: Commotio cordis    Critical actions:  Defibrillate,  IV Epi, CPR,   Intubate.  Therapuetic hypothermia. Elise comment: Don’t intubate this patient first.  The key thing is defibrillation.  Shock first and then do all the other stuff like intubation and meds second.

 

*Commotio cordis

Maletich    M & M

24 yo female with a CC of flank pain.  Patient was diagnosed with a kidney infection and started treatment with macrobid  the day prior.  The clinical setting in the ED was very busy, rife with distractions.    At this ED visit, the patient had bilateral flank tenderness and abdominal tenderness on exam.  Jim orders a CT of abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast.  Labs significant for HGB =8.9.  No UCG available yet.  The ED attending intervenes at this point and performs bedside U/S.  U/S shows fluid in Morrison’s pouch.  The attending asks the patient are you pregnant?  Patient states yes.   The management  of the case rapidly changes gears to resuscitation of a hypotensive ectopic pregnancy.  In OR patient  was found  to have a ruptured cornual pregnancy.

Jim questioned how this occurred.  Why was the patient bradycardic, and why was there no vaginal bleeding?

There are multiple papers describing that vital signs fail to correlate with hemoperitoneum in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.  This postulated to be due to increased parasympathetic tone from peritoneal stimulation.

 

*ectopic pregnancy location

Cornual ectopics are also known as interstitial ectopic pregnancies.  These are in the muscle where the fallopian tube originates.  These occur later in pregnancy.  When these rupture, they can bleed quite a bit.  Cornual pregnancies account for 2% of ectopics but unfortunately also 44% of the deaths.   Harwood comment: The artery in the cornual section of the uterus is large and if there is rupture  in that vicinity they bleed severely.

 Blood in the wrong place is painful.  Blood irritates the peritoneal cavity.  

Sola comment: The pregnancy test in a child-bearing age female is really equivalent to a vital sign.

You can  use the patient’s blood to run a urine pregnancy test if you are facing delays getting urine.   

Anna Sklar’s comment: This case is an example of framing bias.  The patient was triaged to a lower acuity area of the ED.

Andrea’s comments:  We are all pattern seekers and building your pattern on the report of an inexperienced student’s exam is fraught with hazard. You really need to see the patient yourself so that you don’t have premature closure based on an incomplete or inaccurate pattern.

Sola comment: If there is a long wait for a CT scan, get an U/S to the bedside.

Elise comment: Our own emotional baggage taints how we view the patient.

Girzadas comment: These are all great comments describing how different biases affect our thinking when we are at work.  Often when most needed our thinking is foggy when we are working in a busy ED environment. When we are working in the ED our thinking is not as clear as when we are sitting in the conference room discussing the case.

McKean comment: This patient is in shock and is not making much urine.  That is why it was tough to get urine.

Harwood comment:  Bile and gastric fluid are the most irritating fluids to the peritoneum.   You will see relative bradycardia due to blood in the belly multiple times the rest of your career.  It is not that uncommon.   You can send blood for a qualitative HCG in the lab which is pretty quick  or you can run the urine preg test with the patient’s blood.

Anna Sklar comment: Give the patient the benefit of the doubt.  Before you chalk up the patient’s behavior to dramatics give them all your thought and effort to rule out life threats.

Cash/Lovell      Resident as Clinical Teacher

 Elise showed a funny video of a pedantic surgeon teaching young surgeons at the bedside.  Pedantic teaching techniques don’t work very well: Aggressive yelling, not being respectful of learners, focusing on minutia, not giving learners time to think, ignoring the patient. 

 Characteristics of Great teachers:  Energy level, approachable, enthusiasm, engaging.  They take the time to ask you challenging questions.  Hold you accountable.  Give you usable feedback.    Elise comment: It is optimal to highlight feedback to the learner by saying explicitly, “I am going to give you some feedback now.”   

The literature says great teachers have very positive non-cognitive skills like positive relationships, communication, and enthusiasm.    Your medical knowledge and technical skills are important but are considered a baseline that all teachers must have.   The non-cognitive skills separate the adequate teachers from the great teachers.  

Excellent teachers state these are important behaviors: tailor your teaching to the learner.  Actively involve the learner.  Give the learner responsibility for their learning.  Actively seek opportunities to teach.   Agree on expectations.  Be a role model. Thinking out loud is a good way  to convey your thought process.

 Traditional teaching: Teacher-centered method .  Teacher functions as expert consultant. Learners are passive.  Learners don’t express clinical reasoning skills.

Newer teaching model: Learner-centered teaching.  Teachers focus time on finding knowledge gaps and teaching to that gap. Teachers act as facilitators.  Learners ask more questions and actively pursue knowledge.

One minute preceptor model:

1. Get a commitment from the learner.  Have them say what they would do in the situation.
2. Probe for supporting evidence.  Identify the learner’s knowledge gaps.
3. Teach a principle.  Give a pearl to the learner.
4. Reinforce what was done well.  Give positive feedback on what they knew or what they did well.
5. Correct mistakes
6. Identify next learning steps.  Encourage the learner to continue independent learning after the encounter.

These don’t all have to be done every time.

The residents then practiced using this model.

Unfortunately I missed the rest of this outstanding lecture due to a meeting. 

Conference Notes 5-21-2014

Ireland     Patient Satisfaction

 People don’t cut you slack when comparing  service.  They know if it is good or bad.  They will compare their experience in the ED with their experience at Disney or ordering from Zappos.

Who gets to decide how the experience was?   Not the doc or the nurse but the patient.   

Customer service is a moving target. Each year the bar gets moved higher.

75% of your workday involves work.   Why not make it a positive experience.   Work on things you can change: interactions with patients, co-workers, your attitude.

Everything is driven by culture.   You have to develop a great culture to be great.   You can design culture to be great.

Very effective organizations like Walmart and Walgreens are now our competition in the healthcare market. If we can’t get service right, we will be “eaten alive” by these big corporations. Culture is “the way we do things around here”  Culture optimally is designed and intentional to get the results you want.  As an example of culture by design, Dr. Ireland’s group story-boarded out what the perfect patient experience would be.

Great service is delivered by  a conscious design of people, place, and process.

Patients can’t assess technical quality of health care.  All they can assess is our service and if they like us.

Quality service=Exceeding  expectations by paying attention to detail, layers of detail.  Treat patients like they are quests in your home.

Doctors miss 90% of empathy cues when dealing with patients.

The main commodity of the 21^st century is time.  We gotta understand that to be successful.  People value their time most of all.

Saying thank you to people is critical.  Saying “Thank you” is the #1 way staff want to get positive feedback.

We judge ourselves based on our intentions but we judge others by their actions.  We gotta stop doing that. We gotta judge ourselves by our actions.

68% of customers leave a company or patients leave a practice based on a negative or indifferent employee attitude.  It is the #1 reason people seek another provider.

There needs to be 40 positive customer experiences to counter-balance a single negative customer experience.

What do customers AND employees want:  Treat me special,  treat me as an individual,  treat me with respect, educate and develop me.

ARE=Appreciate, respect, encourage employees and customers.

Everything speaks to the customer.  If a customer goes to a great restaurant  and the bathroom is disgusting, that affects strongly the customer’s assessment of your restaurant.

Great systems deliver great service.  Foster continual improvement, engage everyone, make it hassle free,  Ask patients, ask patients, ask patients what would iprove their experience. Ask staff, Ask staff, Ask staff what would improve their experience. Guide patients through the experience.

There are many benefits of patient satisfaction: increased patient compliance, decreased malpractice risk,  more fun, increased revenue.   Docs gotta be careful because we will have yelp and healthgrade reviews of us on the internet.

Service Profit Chain:The most important part of the chain is internal service quality (how employees treat eachother)  Internal service quality leads to employee satisfaction and employee retention and employee productivity.   These all lead to external service quality which leads to customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and finally revenue growth.

 

*Service Profit Chain (google image)

We have medical knowledge that we learned in med school and residency.  But the patient’s perspective depends on how we deliver this knowledge.   We don’t get much training on how we deliver the knowledge we have.

Some good reads to follow up this lecture:  “How to make people like you in 90 secs or less. “    “Hug your customers.”      “What got you here, won’t get you there”     “Creating Magic”

Tekwani    Study Guide GI

 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis= Peritoneal fluid cell count >1000 or PMN’s>250.   Treat with IV  Cefotaxime or in penicillin allergic patients you can use levofloxacin.  Common pathogens are e coli, strep, and klebsiella.

Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis:  AST/ALT ratio >2, hepatomegaly, possibly low grade fever.

The most common cause of acute liver failure: acetaminophen.  Hepatitis B is the most common viral cause of liver failure.

Anal fissure is almost always located in posterior midline.  If fissure is in another location you have to consider crohn’s, syphilis, TB, HIV, cancer, or FB insertion.

Most common complication of cirrhosis: ascites. 

Sigmoid volvulus is more common than cecal volvulus.  Sigmoid volvulus is seen in elderly bedridden patients.  It is reduced endoscopically.  Cecal volvulus is seen in marathon runners.   Cecal volvulus is treated with surgery.  Cecal volvulus on xray shows dilated bowel  that extends up into left upper quadrant and sigmoid volvulus shows dilated bowel to right upper quadrant.   Girzadas comment: I think about these volvulus’ as twisting to the opposite side of the abdomen with the cecum going to the left and the sigmoid going to the right when they develop volvulus.

 

*Cecal Volvulus (google image)

*Sigmoid volvulus (google image)

Toxic megacolon is treated with IV fluids, antibiotics, and corticosteroids.  Toxic megacolon is more common in Ulcerative Colitis than Crohn’s.

 Bowel rest for inflammatory bowel disease has not been shown to be useful.

The most common complication of diverticulosis is diverticulitis.

Pregnant women infected with Hepatitis E are more prone to fulminant liver failure. Hepatitis has nastier potential than hepatitis A with immunocompromised and pregnant patients at higher risk for chronic and fulminant hepatitis. Hepatitis E is the most common cause of hepatitis world-wide.  Hepatitis A does not cause liver failure.

Hepatitis E (google image)

Most common cause of large bowel obstruction is neoplasm.  #2 is diverticulitis.  #3 is volvulus. 

Most common cause of massive lower GI bleeding: diverticulosis

Lipase is more specific than amylase for diagnosing pancreatitis.  Lipase and amylase have similar sensitivities for diagnosing pancreatitis.

Perianal complications are more common in crohn’s disease than in UC.

Erythema nodosum is more common in crohn's disease but can be related to either crohn's or UC.

Charcot’s triad for acute cholangitis: fever RUQ pain, and jaundice

Reynold’s pentad for acute cholangitis: fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, altered mental status, and hypotension.  Most appropriate management of acut cholangitis is ERCP. IV fuids and broad spectrum antibiotics.

Undercooked shellfish has potential to transmit Hepatitis A.

Best treatment for uncomplicated diverticulitis: oral antibiotics

Complicated diverticulitis: phlegmon, abscess, stricture, obstruction, fistula, or perforation.

In acetaminophen overdose the normal liver pathways of glucuronidation and sulfation are overloaded and acetaminophen is metabolized by the P450 system to toxic NAPQI

 

*Metabolism of Acetaminophen Overdose

If you see HBeAG that means active infection of Hepatitis B.

 

*Hepatitis B serology

 Girzadas comment: There can be confusion between HBeAG which is the active infection of HepB and Hepatitis E which is transmitted by the fecal oral route similar to Hep A.  

The delta virus can only exist with Hepatitis B.

If patient has conjugated hyperbilirubinemia there is a post-liver obstructive process like sclerosing cholangitis.

Most common cause of anal fistula: intersphincteric abscess.  This abscess is due to  an infection of an obstructed anal gland.

CT scanning in first trimester of pregnancy doubles the infant’s childhood risk of cancer.  However, in absolute numbers, the risk is still low.

Acute radiation protocolitis: diarrhea, rectal pain, tenesmus, abdominal pain.  Treat with analgesics and sucralfate.

Katiyar      Am I Really Too Slow?

 RVU compensation was developed in the 1980’s.  RVU is based on time, skill, training, and intensity.   RVU=work produced.   An RVU is assigned to every CPT code based on work, practice expense, and professional liability.  RVU values increase proportionally with increasing EM code.   Levels 4,5,critical care cases have the highest reimbursement.  A level 4 chart brings in a $114.  A level 5 chart brings in $168.   A critical care chart brings in $217.

 There are two common reimbursement models that utilize RVU’s.

Model 1. Eat what you kill: 100% RVU reimbursement to the physician.

Model 2. Piece of the Pie: Guaranteed base salary and a portion of your reimbursement based on RVU generation.

You can maximize your RVU’s by seeing patients as quickly as possible and charting promptly and accurately.

Charting: Chintan’s mnemonic is a made up word “FourTwoTenEight”  or “Fortutenate”.   This word helps you remember  Four HPI elements.  Two PMH elements (PMH/surgical history plus either Social or Family history), Ten ROS items, and eight PE items that will get you to a Level 5 chart.

Abhi gave examples of ER docs being fired for having low RVU productivity.

If you don’t document your work well, it severely affects your RVU production for a shift.

Top 5 Critical care misses (not billing for critical care when it is appropriate): agitated patients, tertiary care transfers, overdose management with antidote, hypoxia with O2 sat<87% and treatment of hyperkalemia with IV drugs.   All STEMI’s are critical care.  If the patient does not stay in the ED for the full 30 minutes you can still legitimately document critical care if you chart after the patient leaves the ED or you discuss with family or consultants after the patient leaves the ED. 

Ways to increase RVU’s: document your interpretation and management of cardiac monitoring.  Document pulse ox/peak flow.  Document your procedures.   Always measure the length of lacerations.  Document layers, location, and if any foreign body or debris. 

To measure laceration lengths,  the paper wrapper of the cotton swab and 4X4 gauze have a ruler printed on them.

Packing abscesses increases the RVU for abscess management.

Documenting  that you checked the neuro-vasc status of the patient after the tech has placed a splint increases your RVU.   Sam comment: If you place your own splint you also increase your RVU’s.

Remember you are responsible for the accuracy of the bill no matter who does your billing.

Knight   Safety Lecture

Surgery was consulted to repair a dog bite wound of the patient's ear. Patient was sedated prior to arrival of consultant.  There was a patient handoff in the middle o this case.  Consultant then notified ED that they were not going to be able to perform the procedure.  We then had a patient sedated without a consultant to manage the problem. 

 We don’t have 24/7/365 coverage for peds plastics, peds neurology, peds facial fractures.

In the end, the ED physician repaired the wound in the ED and arranged plastics follow up for patient with plastic surgery.

Safety : Assure clear communication between hand off teams and consultants.  Verify arrival times of consultants.  Avoid sedating patient prior to arrival of consultant.  Document all interactions with consultants.

 Andrej and Elise comment: It is important to clearly convey the severity of wounds to consultants.  A texted image of the wound is probably the best way. 

Elise comment: Don’t sedate a patient prior to verifying that the consultant is in the ED to manage the problem.   Start working on transferring the patient early in the ED course if you don’t have the required specialist on call.  Harwood comment: It is important to communicate well with the family.  Set up the situation that you are willing to repair the injury but that you are attempting to speak with the plastics specialist. Also inform the family that your child may need to be transferred.    

Conference Notes 5-14-2014

Balogun/Collins    Oral Boards

Case 1.   30yo male, s/p mvc  with head injury.  Transient LOC.  Patient has headache On further history patient is found to have hemophilia.  CT shows ICH.   Critical Actions: Give Factor 8 prior to CT.  You want to get to 100% activity by giving 50u/kg of Factor 8.   Get stat CT head.  Consult hematologist & neurosurgeon. 

Case 2.   30yo female with 1 day of left shoulder and flank pain. Patient had syncopal episode yesterday and fell down some stairs.   Patient is hypotensive.   Pregnancy test is negative.   FAST scan shows fluid in Morrison’s pouch.  Patient had splenic rupture. Critical actions: Resuscitate with IV fluids and PRBC transfusion.  Consult surgery.  Admit to ICU.  The spleen is the most common organ injured in blunt abdominal trauma.

 

*Fluid in Morrison’s pouch (google image)

Case 3.  30yo male firefighter is SOB and confused after being pulled from building fire.  Patient has burns on trunk and face, singed nasal hairs.   Critical Actions:  Intubate based on likely airway burns.   Administer parkland formula IV LR.   Patient had elevated CO level and needed hyperbaric therapy.  Indications for hyperbaric therapy: syncope, altered mental status, seizure, pregnant with level >15%, blood level>25%, or myocardial ischemia.

 

*Parkland Formula (google image)

For pediatric patients less than 20kg, add maintenance fluids to the calculated Parkland fluid dose.

Christine comment: It is critical to give Factor 8 prior to sending hemophiliac patients with head injury  to CT.

Girzadas comment: Consider inter-personal violence as an underlying cause of women and children presenting with trauma.   Know the Parkland formula for adults and remember in kids less than 20kg you have to add maintenance fluids to the calculated Parkland Fluid volume.

Herrmann/Ketaneh     STEMI Conference

Case 1.  67yo female presents with flank pain.  She has a history of CABG.  First EKG does not have STEMI criteria.  Patient developed chest pain in ED.  2^nd EKG shows LBBB with lateral ST depression.   Silverman comment: Patient is tachycardic on second EKG and LBBB could be rate-related.   I would slow her rate with a beta blocker and see if EKG improves.  Labs show elevated Cr and potassium= 6.4.  Troponin is 0.16.   Interventional cardiology did not take patient to cath lab initially.  They preferred to treat potassium and treat pain.  3^rd EKG shows tachycardia and LBBB.   Cardiologists in audience comment: They generally felt hyperkalemia is the issue and the risk of catheterization in the setting of hyperkalemia and elevated creatinine is dangerous.   A STAT echo looking at the anterior wall motion would be helpful in determining if the LBBB was due to STEMI.   4^th EKG shows resolution of LBBB with peaked anterior t waves and lateral ST depression.   Patient still has chest pain.    Code STEMI called by the ED physician and patient had a thrombectomy of saphenous vein graft and stenting of another vessel.   Cardiologists in the audience did not feel that a Code STEMI should have been called.  Cardiologist comment: To call a STEMI in the setting of a LBBB, the patient needs to have ischemic chest pain and have a clinical picture of ACS.   Most would not have taken patient to cath lab with hyperkalemia and elevated creatinine. 

Case 2. 69yo female presents in respiratory distress.  She was initially treated for COPD exacerbation.   Initial EKG shows non-specific changes and is made more difficult to interpret  due to a lot of baseline artifact.   Patient had respiratory acidosis on ABG.  Patient was intubated.  Repeat EKG shows tachycardia, lateral Q waves and ST elevation.   Cardiologists in audience felt the 2^nd EKG did not make sense with the clinical picture or in comparison to first EKG.  They questioned whether lead placement was different.   Q waves don’t usually develop in 2 hours.   Cardiologists in the audience looked at the first EKG again and felt there was subtle ST elevation in V6.   Takasubo’s Cardiomyopathy can present in this fashion.  

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as transient apical ballooning syndrome,^[1]  is a type of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden temporary weakening of the myocardium. Because this weakening can be triggered by emotional stress, such as the death of a loved one, a break-up, or constant anxiety, it is also known as broken heart syndrome.^[3]Stress cardiomyopathy is a well-recognized cause of acute heart failure, lethal ventricular arrhythmias, and ventricular rupture

The typical presentation of takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a sudden onset of congestive heart failure associated with ECG changes mimicking a myocardial infarction of the anterior wall. During the course of evaluation of the patient, a bulging out of the left ventricular apex with a hypercontractile base of the left ventricle is often noted. It is the hallmark bulging out of the apex of the heart with preserved function of the base that earned the syndrome its name "tako tsubo", or octopus pot in Japan, where it was first described.^[5]

Evaluation of individuals with takotsubo cardiomyopathy typically includes a coronary angiogram, which will not reveal any significant blockages that would cause the left ventricular dysfunction. Provided that the individual survives their initial presentation, the left ventricular function improves within 2 months. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is more commonly seen in post-menopausal women.^[6] Often there is a history of a recent severe emotional or physical stress.     Wikipedia

 

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (google image) Notice how the apex does not contract as well and in effect balloons out.    Sorry for wandering off into takotsubo cardiomyopathy when it is really not relevant to this case.

 3^rd EKG in ICU shows Inferior/Lat ST elevation and subtle ST depression in 1 and AVL.   Patient wen to cath from ICU and found to have a  90% occlusion of left main (not takotsubo’s).  Balloon pump was placed.  Patient developed multi-system organ failure and died.  Cardiologist comment: Do bedside echo looking for wall motion abnormalities to help you figure out these cases.  Sometimes if the patient is too sick to go to Cath Lab, you need to document your decision making to not go to the Cath lab.   If you need a rapid read on a STAT echo during daytime hours call 41-5555 to notify the Cardiologist of the urgency of the case.

Teaching Points: ST elevation in AVR is concerning for ischemia.  If you identify ST elevation in AVR with associated diffuse ST depression in 6 or more leads this identifies left main occlusion and is considered to be a STEMI criteria by the AHA.   ST elevation in AVR is also seen in LAD occlusion, triple vessel disease, and sub endocardial ischemia.  

Prominent T wave in V1,  V1>V6 suggests early ischemia as well.

Gore       Trauma  Lecture

Kasia gave multiple pointers for pre-resuscitation preparation when you are on the Trauma service and awaiting the arrival of a patient via EMS.   Talk with the ED nurses prior to arrival of the patient to get an idea of how severely injured the patient is.   Think  ABC’s: Prepare the resuscitation room for intubation.  If you have any info from prehospital personnel that the patient may need a chest tube or thoracotomy, etc., prepare for those as well.  For circulation support prepare for venous or bone access.   First choice line is 2 large bore IV’s.  Second choice line is Cordis placement.   Whatever IV access you obtain, shorter/large bore catheters are preferred over longer/smaller bore catheters.  The shorter and larger diameter catheters allow for much higher flow rates based on poiseuille’s law.

 

*Poiseuille’s Law  (google image)    Note that Radius (r4) decreases resistance to flow to the 4th power and length increases resistance to flow.

Omi comment: I prefer not to use IO lines because I have seen osteomyelitis following IO line placement and large volume infusions thru IO lines is painful.  We manage mostly young adult trauma patients in whom IV access is usually not a problem.

If you have concerns about moving the C-Spine during intubation, one option is to leave the patient in the collar and use the glidescope to intubate while the patient is immobilized in the collar.

Discussion about standard “go-to” RSI drugs for the trauma patient: etomidate and succinylcholine or rocuronium where the first choices.   Dr. Omi did not feel the risk/time/benefit ratio favored using fentanyl, lidocaine in addition to the basic two drug RSI regimine nor did it favor a sedated look (ketamine/topical anesthetic).  Omi was strongly against propofol due to risk of hypotension.   Shayla comment:  There is virtue in keeping your RSI plan simple.  Many ED’s don’t have multiple drug options available and they are not used to giving drugs other than for example, succinylcholine for neuromuscular blockade.  

Chest Tube Placement:  Kasia showed a video of chest tube placement.   One thing I learned from Dr. Omi is that when she anesthesizes the chest wall prior to procedure, she actually enters the pleural space with the needle.   She will advance the needle until she aspirates air or blood.  Then she withdraws the needle until she no longer is getting air or blood and then injects local anesthetic to numb up the pleura.  She states the pleura is the most painful structure when placing the tube.

Shayla comment: Be diligent to look for the second GSW.  Patients frequently don’t realize they have been shot more than once.  They are focused on the most painful or visible injury. 

Case 1.  36 yo patient in MVC.  Patient was tachycardic and tachypneic with  flail chest with paradoxical movements of left chest wall and subQ crepitence.  

Kelly comment:  If you are in a community ED with limited staff, just intubate this patient and throw in a chest tube right away.

Patient was intubated and left chest tube was placed.   A right side chest tube was also placed based on hypotension and chest wall crepitence.  FAST exam was negative.  Left chest tube drained 1500ml of blood. (Indications for thoracotomy is 1200ml initially or 200ml/hr for 3-5 hours)  CXR showed wide mediastinum.  Patient was taken to OR for thoracotomy.  Transexamic acid was given in the ED.

Patient eventually died due to multiple severe injuries and coagulopathy.

Shayla Garrett and Ellen Omi comment: If you are working in a rural ED, intubate the patient, place a chest tube, start blood, and helicopter the patient to a Level 1 Trauma Center.  

Garrett-Hauser    Ethics

 POLST Form    Physician Order for Life Sustaining Treatment.  Intended for persons for whom death within the next year is not unexpected. This form augments but does not replace the power of attorney form.

Case 1.  14 yo female with abdominal pain and vaginal d/c.  Patient doesn’t want the ED doc to speak with her parents.  Patient refuses treatment for PID.   Can she refuse?   The key issue is capacity for decision making.  If the patient has decisional capacity you could make the case to let the patient decide.   Girzadas comment: I would definitely speak with the parent.  This case has a high risk of bouncing back with a bad outcome if you don’t discuss with parents and/or treat patient.  In retrospect, everyone will question your assessment of capacity.  This patient is not an emancipated minor and her ability to understand the long term consequences of her decision is questionable.

 Case 2.  Jail inmate refused blood transfusion.  Patient however had critically low HGB and was judged by ED physician  to not have decisional capacity because of the severe anemia.  Patient was given PRBC’s against his will.   The group veered into  a discussion on physicians’ roles in judicial executions and forced feeding of inmates. The AMA states that physicians cannot ethically take part in executions or forced feedings.

Case 3.  Police had a court order for a doctor to perform a body cavity search for drugs on a patient brought to the ED.   Patient had no medical emergency identified related to drug overdose.   Shayla’s advice was to not perform a body cavity search against the patient’s will if there is no medical emergency.    A local Indiana hospital is being sued for forcibly obtaining a urine sample to get a drug screen and drawing blood for etoh level for police use despite no medical emergency  being present.   In Illinois, if police ask you about test results for a patient who is under arrest you can give that info to police.

Case 4.  Patient with ruptured ectopic.  Patient refuses to consent for surgery.  She says this is God’s will that this will kill me.   Patient would only consent to blood transfusions.  The emergency physician activated psychiatry, risk management, administration to help solve the problem.   Psychiatry saw patient and felt she did not have decisional capacity.  So surgery was done.  

Case 5.  Patient is on a liver transplant list.  Patient presents to ED following a fall with head injury.   Blood alcohol level is 250.  Should the emergency physician notify the transplant center that the patient’s alcohol level is 250? In most centers this info will knock a patient off the transplant list.   There was a split in the group about what to do.  The majority of the group would report the patient to the transplant center.   The breakdown was basically along concerns of justice vs. physician responsibility toward the patient.  The physician told the patient they were going to consult with the transplant center about their managment.  After being contacted, the transplant  center asked for the patient to be transferred to them so they could manage and advise the patient.

Jamieson      5 Slide Follow Up

 60yo female with altered mental status.  Patient found wandering thru neighborhood by a neighbor.   Patient had anion gap acidosis.  INR was 3.2.  ABG showed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis.   ASA level was 106.2.

ASA toxicity clinical picture: tinnitus, vertigo, altered mental status,  nausea/vomiting, hyperpyrexia, pulmonary edema, coma.   Mixed acid-base disorder with respiratory alkalosis and anion-gap metabolic acidosis. 

 Treat with charcoal if it can be administered safely  and bicarb drip to alkalinize urine.   Indications for dialysis: coma, altered mental status, cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, renal insufficiency, clinical deterioration, or  serum level >100.   Avoid intubation if possible.  Mechanical ventilation frequently can’t match human minute ventilation. 

Meyers    5 Slide Follow Up

42 yo male with altered mental status and icteric sclera/jaundice.  Labs showed markedly abnormal LFT’s.   Lactate was 5.9.  Prolonged INR.  Utox was positive for opiates.  Vitamin K was given.

Patient admitted to ICU.  Labs showed both Hep B and C. 

 

*Hepatitis Serology (google image)

70% of patients with Heptitis B have a benign anicteric course.  0.5% of patients will have fulminant liver failure.   This patient fell into this latter group.

Entecavir is a nucleoside analog that treats acute hepatitis B with severe features (INR>1.5 or bili>10, immunocompromised, elderly, pre-liver transplant)

Conference Notes 5-7-2014

Bolton     GI Emergencies Study Guide

Erythema nodosum is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. 

Most common cause of bacterial diarrhea presenting to the ED is campylobacter.  Viruses are still the most common cause of diarrhea overall.  You can use anti-motility agents to improve patients’ symptoms of diarrhea. 

Pepto bismal taken QID and prophylactic antibiotics can reduce the incidence of traveler’s diarrhea but it is not recommended in a normal healthy traveller.   Resistance to Cipro is increasing when used to treat traveller’s diarrhea.  Elise comment: Is cipro still the drug to take with you on a trip?  Molly’s response: yes it is still first line for traveller’s diarrhea .   Elise checked the CDC website and indeed, cipro is still recommended for first line management of traveller’s diarrhea.

Emphysematous Cholecystitis is a rare but dangerous disease process.  It requires aggressive resuscitation and surgical management.  ED Antibiotics need to cover anaerobes and gram negatives.

 

*Emphysemaous Cholecystitis  (google image)

Toxic Megacolon needs to be treated with IV fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics, and IV steroids.   Probably prudent to discuss steroid administration and dosing with GI consultant.

 

*Toxic Megacolon  (google image)  Note large width of tranverse colon and thumb-printing

Epigastric pain that improves with food and worsens in the middle of the night suggests PUD.   Epigastric pain that worsens with food suggests gastritis

Crohn’s disease carries risk of retroperitoneal abscess and fistula.  Faculty comment: Great teaching point, this could be missed easily in clinical practice. Molly discussed a case in a patient with history of crohn’s and vague back pain and limp who had a psoas abscess.

 

*Chron’s disease with psoas abscess  (google image)

Porcelain gallbladder increases patient’s risk of gallbladder cancer.

Sonographic criteria for cholecystitis: wall thickness >3mm, pericholecystic fluid, CBD >7mm, positive sonographic murphy’s sign

 

*U/S of Cholecysitis  (google image)

Flagyl is first line therapy for C-Diff colitis.   Oral therapy is preferred.   If C-diff recurs you should initially attempt a second course of Flagyl and if that fails oral vancomycin is the next choice   C-Diff is a toxin mediated diarrhea.   C-Diff can develop even after a short course of antibiotics.

H.pylori irradication decreases the incidence of recurrent PUD down to the 15% range.

Crohn’s disease lesions tend to extend through all layers of the bowel.  UC lesions tend to be limited to the mucosa.

15% of cholecystitis is acalculous.  More common in elderly patients and ICU patients.

Coins in the esophagus will lie with the coin “en face” on the PA view.   In kids, the coin will get stuck in the proximal esophagus in the area of the cricopharyngeous (usually around the calvicles).   Button batteries in the esophagus have even more urgency to have them removed.  Resident comment: I have seen two button batteries removed from the esophagus and both children had burns in their esophagus within 1.5 hours.

 

*Coin in the esophagus (google image)

Infectious complications of pancreatitis usually develop 5-15 days after onset of pain.

Epiploic appendigitis is caused by torsion of an epiploic appendage (basically an epiploic appendage is a stalk of blood vessel/tissue/adipose/serosal surface hanging from the colon and projecting into the peritoneal cavity).  Treatment is supportive and it usually resolves in about 2 weeks.   Patients do not need surgery for this disease process.  Clinically it can look very similar to appendicitis.

 

*epiploic appendage  (google image)

 

*Ranson Criteria for Pancreatitis (google image)

Boerhaave’s syndrome: full thickness perforation of esophagus, usually due to vomiting, requires broad spectrum antibiotics and surgery, it carries a high mortality.

Ogilvie syndrome is a colonic pseudo-obstruction.  Treat with neostigmine and or erythromycin ( both stimulate colonic activity) and/or decompression with colonoscopy.

 

*Ogilvie syndrome (google image)

Most common cause of esophageal perforation is iatrogenic.

Most common cause of small bowel obstruction is adhesions.  #2 is hernia.  Girzadas comment: If a patient has a small bowel obstruction and they don’t have surgical scar on their abdomen, look for a hernia.  I have made the mistake of admitting a patient with an undiscovered incarcerated inguinal hernia.

Mesenteric Ischemia: CT abdomen/pelvis with IV contrast has 64% sensitivity for mesenteric ischema..  CT angio is diagnostic modality of choice with higher sensitivity than usual CT .   Mortality of mesenteric ischemia is 50% if diagnosed in first 24 hours

Febbo/Gupta          Oral Boards

Case 1.  84yo male presents with syncope and hypotension.   Patient is uncomfortable and is incontinent of stool.   EKG shows paced rhythm with sgarbossa criteria for STEMI.  CXR shows very large heart.   Diagnosis:  Cardiogenic shock due to Inferior wall MI           Critical actions:  Identify shock,  fluid resuscitation,  pressor support, cath lab activation.    Gupta comment: use ultrasound at the bedside to rule out other causes of shock such as pericardial fluid,  AAA,  tension pneumothorax, valve rupture,  PE, wall rupture.

Case 2.  24yo male presents requesting drug detox.  Pt has low grade temp.  He also feels sob and fatigued and has a cough.   On physical exam patient has oral thrush. Diagnosis:    PCP pneumonia         Critical actions:  Recognize clinical picture of HIV with cough/dyspnea, treat with Bactrim and steroids.   Gupta comment: ABG with Po2 <70 indicates need for steroids.

Case 3.    25yo female presents with dyspnea.  Patient has history of pyoderma gangrenosum      Diagnosis:   Methemoglobinemia due to dapsone treatment pyoderma gangrenosum         Critical actions: methylene blue administration.    Andrea comment:  If a patient taking dapsone has a G6PD deficiency, methylene blue can worsen the hemoglobinemia.   If a patient with methemoglobinemia from dapsone has anemia consider that they could have a G6PD deficiency and consider giving them a transfusion prior to giving them methylene blue.

Carlson    Anticholinergics and TCA’s

Anticholinergics predominantly affect the muscarinic receptors rather than the nicotinic receptors.  

Anticholinergic toxidrome: Blind as a bat, red as a beet, hot as Hades, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter., blurred vision, vasodilation, elevated temperature, dry skin/mouth/mucous membranes/arm pits, urinary retention, CNS depression/excitation/hallucinations.

Less common features include seizures, arrhythmias, coma, hypotension, rhabdomyolysis.

In patients with anticholinergic symptoms from antihistamine overdose, check also for acetaminophen overdose.  Many medications contain combinations of Benadryl and Tylenol.   Also check for ASA.

Anticholinergic Overdose Management: Manage agitation with benzodiazepines.   Avoid beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers.  Treat QRS prolongation/WCT with bicarb or lidocaine.  Physostigmine is a pure antidote to anticholinergics.  Physostigmine is a carbamate which is a reversible acetylcholinesterace inhibitor.  Average duration of physostigmine is 60 minutes but most anticholinergic drugs have an effect for several hours.  So ,  if patients improve with physostigmine they need to be observed for 4-6 hours to see if the anticholinergic symptoms recur. Indications for physostigmine are pure anticholinergic overdose and: coma, intractable seizures, severe agitation, or symptomatic narrow complex tachydysrhythmia.  There is still a lot of concern about giving physostigmine.  There are 1980’s case reports about fatal outcomes when given in setting of TCA overdose.   There has been some revisionist thinking about physotigmine lately and now it is considered more user/patient friendly.  Still, avoid it in the setting of TCA overdose, poly-drug overdose and with wide complex tachycardia.

Recent case report discussed the fact that topical atropine eye drops have 150 mg of atropine in a full bottle.  The bioavailability of topical atropine drops is 60%.  So this has potential for serious toxicity and possibly as a Mcgyver type antidote in the hospital if we ran out of regular atropine.  Resident comment: If there was a nerve gas exposure to a large group of people and the hospital ran out of atropine, you could have patients drink atropine eye drops.  Andrea agreed this was a reasonable idea.

Night shade is an anticholinergic plant.  It has a bunny ears leaf.   Mandrake is another anticholinergic plant.

 

*night shade leaf  (google image)

TCA’s are “dirty drugs”, they have multiple effects on the body.  Anticholinergic, alpha blockade, gaba blockade, Na and K channel blockade, H1/H2 receptor blockade effects.

Clinical picture: Tachycardia, QRS prolongation, Terminal R wave widening in AVR, brugada patern, QT prolongation, bradycardia/asystole,  hypotension, seizures, coma,

 

*TCA EKG  (google image) note wide terminal R wave in AVR, tachycardia and widened QRS 

Treatment for TCA overdose:  Sodium bicarb is indicated for QRS >110, marked acidosis, refractory hypotension, cardiac arrest.   Push 1 amp at a time.   You can also hang a bicarb drip.  Be sure to monitor the patient’s potassium. Second line antiarrythmic is lidocaine (1b agent). You want to avoid 1a and 1c agents.  

 

*antiarrythmic classification (google image)

Seizures are frequently self limited  in TCA overdose but first line treatment is benzodiazepines.  Second line treatmet for seizures is propofol. There are some case reports suggesting intralipid may be helpful.   Avoid flumazenil, physostigmine, 1a/1c antiarrythmics and beta/calcium channel blockers in TCA overdose.

TCA overdose disposition: If asymptomatic after 6 hours, they are medically clear for admit for psychiatric evauation.  If patient has persistent tachycardia, admit for OBS.   Any other signs admit the patient to the ICU.

Beckemeyer     Seizure Management

First line: Lorazepam.  Second line: phenytoin.  Third line: Phenobarb or Keppra or Valproic acid.

Intubation may be indicated when giving multiple anti-seizure meds.  Especially when using benzo’s and phenobarb.   If you have to use a neuromuscular blocker for a prolonged time you may need to have the patient on continuous EEG monitoring.

Consider pyridoxine for refractory seizures (INH overdose antidote)

Purple glove syndrome can occur from multiple doses of phenytoin in elderly patients.  This is not from a IV malfunction or extravasation into the soft tissues.   Harwood and Elise comment: This is likely due to propylene glycol.

 

*purple glove syndrome  (google image)

Febrile seizures: Occurs between 3months and 6 years of age, generalized seizure, last less than 15 minutes. Child is back to normal shortly after seizure.  Faculty discussion about work up indicated for febrile seizures: Most agreed that if child can be observed to be normal per parents within an hour after seizure they don’t need an LP.  They just need an appropriate work up for source of fever (exam, +/- UA and CXR)  In younger kids (<6 months) there may be some lower threshold to LP because it is more difficult to assess mental status/return to baseline.

Harwood comment: I don’t get any labs other than anti-seizure drug level in patients with known history of seizure disorder who present to the ED with an acute seizure.

Elise comment: Get a CT for trauma, fever, immunocompromise, change in seizure type, history of cancer,  warfarin use, or focal neuro deficit.

Paik    Follow Up  Lecture

49yo male with 2 months of jaundice and weight loss.  Pt has abdominal distension and hepatomegaly.  CT shows ascites and cirrhotic liver.  Patient was admitted from the ED.   20 days later he presents to the ED again.  This time he has hematemesis and hypotension.  Patient received protonix and octretide in the ED.  He was admitted to ICU. EGD showed portal hypertension with no active bleeding.

Management for Active hematemesis: Protonix, Octreotide, IV antibiotics, infusion of blood products,  vitamin K,  consider sangstoken-blakemore tube, consult GI consultant to scope patient emergently and or consult IR to perform TIPs procedure.

Dr. Paik discussed the technique of placing the Blakemore tube.   A key point is that hanging a bag of saline from the outer portion of the tube will apply adequate pressure on the stomach balloon.  Bonder comment: IV antibiotics have a low NNT for improving patients with upper GI bleed.  IV ceftriaxone is a reasonable choice but probably any antibiotic coverage of gram negatives is effective

Parker   Follow Up Lecture

Pt presented with respiratory distress due to aspiration pneumonitis.  Pt was in hospice but was placed on bipap in the ED.   CXR showed cardiomegaly and vascular congestion.  Pt improved clinically and bipap was discontiued.   Pt worsened and bipap was re-started.  Pt stabilized and was admitted.  Pt deteriorated on the floor and family made decision to withdraw bipap treatment.   Pt died on the floor.  

Aspiration is primarily a chemical pneumonitis. 26% have superimposed bacterial infection. Do not treat with empiric antibiotics.  Provide suctioning and positive pressure ventilation as needed.  No steroids. 

Elise and Christine comment: Don’t give empiric antibiotics to relatively healthy patients with simple aspiration.  Treat only if patient develops CXR infiltrate with signs of pneumonia.   Add clindamycin to standard CAP regimen and Zosyn to standard HAP regimen.

Nevin      High Reliability Organizations

HRO’s operate under very trying conditions yet manage to have fewer than their share of accidents.  HRO’s attempt to make systems ultra safe

Facts about errors: everyone makes them, most serious events are due to systems or process problems.

Diagnostic Errors: Framing, obedience to authority, premature closure, and anchoring.   Healthcare workers need to work with a questioning attitude to avoid these errors.

Most health care workers make 6.8 errors per hour.   Most serious errors that reach the patient got through 9 potential stop points.  

Variation is the enemy of quality.

200% accountability= 2 team members continually cross checking each other.

ARCC=Ask a question, Request a change, voice a Concern, invoke Chain of Command.   This is a protocolized way of raising a concern.

SBAR is a structured way to hand off care: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.

Errors should not be a cause for blame but starting point for discussions/investigations for discovering what went wrong.

‘Why hospitals should fly” is a good book to read regarding patient safety/HRO

Dr. Nevin then discussed the new Rural EM elective rotation being offered at Bromenn Medical Center.

Conference Notes 5-1-2014

 Conference this week was the ICEP  Spring Symposium.   The symposium included a Research Forum followed by presentations on  the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA/Obamacare).   I would suggest you read the ACA section of these notes with an eye for the following themes:

1.     The nation’s current healthcare costs are generally agreed to be not sustainable

2.     Emergency physicians have a key role in managing the healthcare costs of both the their individual institutions and the nation overall.

3.     Emergency Medicine as a whole provides great value/low cost for the nation’s healthcare system.

4.     With the ACA, ED visits are expected go up

5.     Patients covered under the ACA may not fully understand the co-pays and coverage limitations that they have.

6.     Healthcare systems like Advocate are tasked with moving from a model of generating revenue based on the volume of patients seen and procedures performed to a model of effectively managing the health of their patient population.  

7.     Illinois and many states have increased coverage under the ACA by increasing enrollment in Medicaid.  By Jan 2015 at least 50% of the patients covered under the ACA Medicaid in Illinois will be in a managed care format.

8.     Illinois is among the worst states in the country for EM in general and medical malpractice in particular.

2014 Research Showcase

Christ Presentation by Natalie Htet: FEIBA for ICH and life-threatening bleeding due to warfarin coagulopathy.    FEIBA was more reliable and worked faster to reverse INR than FFP.  FEIBA had more thrombotic events than FFP.  Mortality was higher in the FEIBA group likely to more patients having care withdrawn in the ED.  Also in the FEIBA group there were more ICH’s than in the FFP group.  The FFP group was predominantly GI bleeders who have lower mortality than patients with ICH.

 

Dr. Htet presenting at ICEP

Stroger Presentation:  U/ S evaluation of Dyspnea.  They looked for B lines in the lungs, cardiac function and IVC.  They looked at diastolic dysfunction as part of the cardiac evaluation.  This standardized evaluation was less sensitive but more specific for diagnosing CHF than clinician gestault informed by exam, CXR and labs.   Discussion following the presentation involved the validity of the gold standard for diagnosing CHF in this study.

Northwestern Presentation: Firearm injuries in Chicago in relation to day of the week and weather.    More shootings occur on Friday & Saturday and with warmer weather (risk is 30% higher when temp is between 80-90).  It was estimated that 26% of the risk of gun violence is due to ecological (weather) factors.

 Rush Presentation:  At presentation to the ED, demographic factors and clinical information of the patient can predict disposition.   Earlier disposition decisions have been shown to shorten ED throughput time.  Presenters developed a computerized decision algorithm that would provide an admit prediction to the triage nurse or ED physician and bed control.   Elise comment: Not sure this is any improvement over physician gestault.

There were also poster presentations at ICEP

Dr. Beckemeyer with her study on how a new Triage Protocol for Abdominal Pain Reduced the Rate of Patients Leaving the ED Prior to Being Seen by a Physician

9 of the 35 Best Residents on the Planet.  Thank you to Dr. Iannitelli for this photo!

ICEP Update

 Illinois gets a D- on the National EM Report Card for access to Emergency Care and a D for our Medical Liability environment.   Poison Control Center funding is at risk..   Illinois is one of the bottom 10 states overall for emergency medicine.   Elise comment: The only thing that makes me feel alittle better about being in Illinois as an emergency physician is that overall most states are at a C or D level.

There are many problems with FOID (Firearm Owners ID Card) notification requirements for emergency care providers.   Technically every patient with a psychiatric complaint in the ED needs to be reported to the FOID agency.

 Choosing Wisely Campaign for EM:  EM as a specialty is advocating for the following 5 potential cost saving conversations with patients:

1. Avoid CT head for minor head injury.  

2. Avoid urinary catheters.

3. Don’t delay the palliative care discussion with patients. 

4. Avoid antibiotics and wound cultures for uncomplicated abscesses.  

5. Avoid IV rehydration for kids with vomiting and diarrhea without attempting oral rehydration first.

Gerardi  (ACEP President)  Affordable Care Act: ACEP Perspective

Most of the money spent on healthcare in the US,  stays in the US and benefits the US economy.  Elise comment: True, but the high costs are a barrier to care for many people.  We still need to work to lower costs for patients.

Cost of health insurance is increasing much faster than income growth in the US.

A common comment made in the media is that emergency care is very expensive.  This was discussed many times throughout the day.  We as emergency physicians have an obligation to inform others that Emergency Medicine is not expensive for the nation, rather it is a great value.  Value=Quality/Cost. Emergency care accounts for only 2% of the US healthcare costs. Emergency physicians provide the bulk of acute care to the under and uninsured. Emergency physicians cover 67% of the nation’s unscheduled visits and 50% of hospital admissions.

 Average spending on healthcare per person is much higher in the 65 and older group compared to younger ages.   Also, in the US, expenditures in this 65 and older age group exceed other nations by far.   The majority of healthcare spending occurs in a person’s last year of life.   70% of the population uses 10% of the healthcare.   1% of patients use 30% of the healthcare in the nation.  These are called triple threats, they suffer from 3 or more comorbid illnesses.

 ED visits continue to increase.  The number of hospitals and ED’s are decreasing.  Consequently, across the country, average ED size and # of visits have increased.  ED’s generally are now large, complex systems.

 Triple aim of healthcare reform: Better patient experience, better outcomes, lower cost.  This will take a collaborative, team-based, patient-centered effort.  

 Affordable Care Act (ACA) provisions:  Expand Medicaid eligibility, create insurance exchanges, cover dependents up to age 26, and there is a mandate for people to enroll.   Patients cannot be denied coverage for pre-existing illnesses, essential health benefits will also be covered.  These changes will likely result in increased ED visits.

 Threats to emergency physicians: You will be less likely to be an independent physician and more likely to be a hospital employed physician.  There is a risk of cuts to emergency physician reimbursement.  Minute clinics such as those at Walmart and Walgreens will take away business from primary care docs.  Free standing ED’s and urgent care facilities are drawing emergency physicians away from hospital based ED’s that care for the underserved. Nurse practitioners can practice without physician supervision.

 ED ‘s can provide immunizations and wellness services to help the hospital meet it’s quality reporting goals.  Patient wait times are an important measure to a hospital’s   quality success.

 ACEP has concerns about the Choosing Wisely Campaign (Campaign described above).  They want to be sure that emergency docs won’t get sued if they do these action items. They also want to be sure insurance companies won’t refuse payment if  an emergency physician acts counter to one of these recommendations.

 ACEP expects that ED patient volumes will increase due to the changes brought on by the ACA (Obamacare)

 In Illinois overall, inpatient admit days have decreased.  

 Illinois has the second highest level of payout for lawsuits in the Country.

 Bronze plan of the ACA has a $5000 deductible for emergency care.  This will be a unpleasant realization for many people. 

 Panel Discussion on ACA in Illinois

 114,000 Illinois residents in addition to current Medicare enrollees signed up for the ACA.  

Sticker shock is expected for ACA covered patients.  They will learn as they access the healthcare system that there are significant co-pays and limitations of coverage.

 If a patient has not kept up on their monthly payments for ACA insurance,  providers may not get paid.

 There may be some limitations to preventative care coverage and coverage for certain non-generic medications.

The emergency physician will need to be sensitive to costs when managing the patient covered by the ACA.

 Attempts at developing a state-based insurance exchange in Illinois have been stymied by the insurance and small business lobby.

 Triple aim again:  Improve population health, improve the healthcare delivery system, and lower cost.

 The ACA has unleashed the potential for disruptive healthcare delivery initiatives such as pharmacies providing healthcare or cable companies providing telemedicine.

 Patients are going to be on the hook for more of their healthcare costs.   Emergency Docs have to be very sensitive to the costs that our patients face.

 Hospitals are all looking to cut costs based on the perception that re-imbursement for providing care will be decreasing over the next few years.

 Hospital systems are changing their focus from acute care to prevention and wellness and long-term management of illness to improve their patient populations’ health.

 There is a lot of anxiety in the hospital community and healthcare provider community over how all the change in healthcare is going to shake out.

 Jan 2015  50% of Medicaid patients will be in a managed care environment. 

 On the positive side, there will be millions more patients in Illinois with some type of healthcare coverage.

 There may be some pressure on emergency physicians to provide care in a way to keep patients out of the hospital.  Emergency physicians will be key players in controlling hospital costs. 

 llinois is in the bottom 2 states regarding the medical liability climate.  This affects how willing emergency physicians are to limit testing and discharge patients. 

 The ACA provides no increased funding for residency slots and training. 

 There is still strong job security for emergency physicians.  Income security may have pressure  in the next few years.

 Mila comment: Are there means in the ACA to affect patient behavior to stay within their managed care environment?   The ACA provides for community healthcare workers who can help patients make good decisions as to where they seek care.

 There seems little political will to make any significant change in the medical malpractice environment in Illinois.

 Audience comment: The ED provides rapid diagnosis and acute treatment.  It is a US center of excellence for diagnosis.  It provides patients the ability of getting a quick answer to their symptoms and get back to work more rapidly.  This is an under-appreciated way that emergency medicine provides true value to our country.

Conference Notes 4-23-2014

Knight/Williamson      Oral Boards

Case 1. 42 yo female  presents with cough, fever, and tachycardia.  Pt had pneumonia on CXR and CT imaging, no PE.  Patient also had afib, a low TSH and a goiter.   Diagnosis was thyroid storm and pneumonia.  Critical actions: Treat with  propranolol,  methimazole is preferred over PTU due to PTU’s risk of hepatic failure, SSKI given at least 1 hour after methimazole, and glucocorticoids to block peripheral conversion of t4 to t3.   Andrea comment: give dexamethasone or hydrocortisone as your choice of steroid. It has somewhat better activity than prednisone or solumderol.    Christine comment: Don’t give CT contrast to a person with hyperthyroidism who has not received PTU or methimazole because that will actually ramp up their hyperthyroidism and potentially move them into Thyroid Storm territory.   Also don’t give two AV nodal blockers to a patient.  Giving a CCB for Afib and following that with a Beta Blocker for thyroid storm could cause severe hypotension or bradycardia.  If you figure out the patient has thyroid storm after you initiated treatment with cardizem for Afib maybe give esmolol because you can turn it off if you get into trouble.  You can also just use cardizem for rate control as this is the recommended agent for treating storm in patients with bad asthma.

Up to Date Reference: Although there are no data showing that patients do better clinically with one thionamide over another, we suggest PTU for the acute treatment of life-threatening thyroid storm in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting, where it can be administered regularly every four hours. PTU, but not methimazole, blocks T4 to T3 conversion, and there is some evidence that over the first few hours after administration, PTU more rapidly reduces serum T3 concentrations than methimazole [12]. However, because methimazole has a longer duration of action, and after weeks of treatment results in more rapid normalization of serum T3 compared with PTU, and because methimazole is less hepatotoxic, methimazole may be preferred for severe but not life-threatening hyperthyroidism. Patients started on PTU in the ICU should be transitioned to methimazole before discharge from the hospital

Case 2.  56 yo female with acute headache.  Pt has difficulty with vision in right eye.   Right pupil is midrange and non-reactive.  Right eye pressure was 60 mm hg. Diagnosis is acute angle closure glaucoma.   Critical actions:  Alpha agonist (Brimonidine),  Beta blocker (Timolol), Pilocarpine, Acetazolamide,  Mannitol, topical steroid, emergent ophthalmology consult.  Girzadas comment: Good mnemonic is E=M²C or Eye=miotics (pilocarpine, beta-blocker, alpha agonist), mannitol, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.  It doesn’t cover the steroid but for test purposes if you know the miotics, mannitol, and acetazolamide you will pass.

 Google Image of Angle closure glaucoma right eye 

Case 3. 16 yo male with Right hand pain due to punching another person in the mouth. A day or two has passed since the trauma and patient has signs of wound infection.  Patient has a fight bite over the 5^th mcp joint.  Xrays are negative.   Critical actions: Copious irrigation, IV unasyn, get xray to look for fx/fb, emergent hand consult.  Human saliva has multiple organisms including strep, staph , fusobacteriumand eikenella corrodens.   Harwood comment: Tell the patient and family that the patient has a really bad problem that can lead to severe disability.  I prefer to admit all these patients.  Don’t ever close a fight bite primarily.  Splint the hand.

 

Google Image of Fight bite/Clenched fist injury with resultant osteomyelitis.  Finger had to be amputated eventually.

Rosen Reference:

Clenched-fist injuries, also called “fight bites,” are notorious for being the worst human bites. Inadequate initial management leads to significant morbidity. Misleading history, innocuous wound appearance, intoxication and lack of cooperation of the patient leading to inadequate examination, patient reluctance to admit the nature of the injury, delayed presentation, and inadequate exploration all may lead to mismanagement. Clenched-fist injuries are associated with the highest incidence of complications of any closed-fist injury and of any type of bite wound.^[85]

The classic injury is a bite wound over the third MCP joint, but injury can occur over any joint. Soft tissue injury is apparent with possible extensor tendon injury and violation of the joint capsule. When the fist is subsequently opened, the bacterial inoculum is dragged with the extensor tendon and soft tissue proximally into the dorsum of the hand.^[85] Presentation may be acute or delayed. Swelling, limited range of motion, erythema, and pain out of proportion to the apparent severity of injury are typical findings. Pain is more severe with range of motion.

Aggressive management is indicated with these injuries. Immediate consultation with a hand surgeon is advised. Analgesics, irrigation, tetanus, cultures, intravenous antibiotics, appropriate wound care, elevation of the affected limb, and hospital admission should be considered for all patients. Foreign bodies are excluded with radiologic studies and possibly exploration. Tendon injuries are ruled out with careful exploration. The hand should be splinted in the position of function. Pathogens usually are polymicrobial, with Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, and anaerobes the predominant species. Multiple-drug regimens are recommended; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or penicillin with a first-generation cephalosporin is commonly used.

 Girzadas           Behavioral Based Expectations  

 Crew Resource Management (CRM): Method of communication and team work utilized by commercial and military aviators as well as our anesthesia colleagues to minimize errors and maximize patient safety.   Key aspects of CRM are the leader sharing his mental model of the problem at hand and his plan for addressing the problem with all team members so there is a shared vision.  Clear communication using repeat-backs and clarifying questions and phonetic and numeric clarifications are the other key aspects.

 STAR=Stop  Think  Act  Review.  This is a CRM tool to slow down when there is time pressure and be sure the action you are preparing to take is correct.  An example would be to stop and review the patient’s allergies, PMH, Chief Complaint, and current clinical condition prior to ordering a medication.

 CLER visit is happening April 29^th and 30th.  CLER=Clinical Learning Environment Review.   This is basically the RRC coming to see how the hospital is training residents.   They focus on the areas of error reporting, patient safety, hand-offs, fatigue management, quality, and duty hours.

 Htet            FEIBA for Reversal of Warfarin Induced Life Threatening Hemorrhage

 Feiba is essentially a 4 factor prothrombin complex concentrate (factors 2,7(activated),9,10).     It has smaller volume and faster/more reliable correction of INR than FFP. On the downside, FEIBA has prothrombotic properties.

In our ED, patients on warfarin with life threatening bleeding:   if INR>5 they receive 1000u of FEIBA.  If INR <5 they receive 500u of FEIBA

Median time to INR reversal to less than 1.5 was 47 minutes.   93% of patients achieved INR goal of less than 1.5.

Mortality for FEIBA patients was 39.5%   14% of FEIBA patients had thrombotic adverse events.  1 patient accounted for ¾ of all thrombotic adverse events.

The mortality rate for FEIBA is higher than the mortality rate for patients receiving FFP in our Medical Center.  However, analysis of the data shows that patients receive FEIBA very early in the hospital course (in the ED). Patients who got FFP received it much later in their hospital course due to the time it took to prepare FFP.  Thus the severely ill patients who would have received FFP died before receiving it. Severely ill patients receiving FEIBA were still alive in the ED to get the drug but still die in the ED or early in their ICU stay.  Patients who lived long enough to receive FFP were less ill and more likely to survive.  This survivor benefit for FFP likely accounts for the difference in mortality between FEIBA and FFP.

Hemming                   Patient Safety   Medication Errors in the ED

Medication errors are the single most preventable cause of patient injury.  They accounts for 25% of litigation against physicians.

77% of medication errors in the ED occur between the order phase and administration phase.

Multiple factors contribute to med errors: unfamiliar patients, multiple patients, interruptions, verbal orders.    Verbal orders are more prone to error than written orders.

Closed loop communication:  Sender gives order,  receiver performs a read back or call back of the order and sender confirms order.  This three part communication is part of Crew Resource Management discussed above and has been shown to decrease the rate of miscommunication.

 If patients are in the ED for a prolonged time, they  frequently don’t get appropriate repeated dosing of medications.

 Most common type of medication error is physician ordering error.

Avoid trailing 0’s when writing dosing. Example to avoid: 1.0 mg of dilaudid could be misread to be 10 mg of dilaudid   Standardize concentrations and dosing as much as possible.  Double-check  dosing .  

 For home medications, it is considered best to have one person administer the medications for a patient to avoid errors.    It is also considered best to as much as possible have one physician be prescribing medications for a patient .

Girzadas comment: When you are asked to give a phone order for an ED patient who you haven’t seen for a few hours and you are caring for multiple patients,  STOP and regain situational awareness of that patient by reviewing their allergies, medical history an chief complaint.   Regaining that situational awareness of the patient will help prevent medication errors.  This is the STAR technique noted above.

Transcutaneous and Transvenous Pacing Lab

 

 

Conference Notes 4-16-2014

Lovell                          Pulmonary Study Guide

 Placing a mini chest tube is the best answer for treating a large primary spontaneous pneumothorax.   Small spontaneous pneumo’s (measured as 3cm or less from apex of the thorax to edge of lung) can be treated with observation and oxygen  and re-xray at 6 hours.  Oxygen helps a pneumothorax resolve more quickly.  If pneumo is not increasing at 6 hours, pt can go home.  Pneumo’s may take 2-3 weeks to resolve on their own.

Pneumothorax Calculator on chestx-ray.com

 Pneumo’s in COPDr’s are different than primary spontaneous pneumo’s and probably should get a chest tube in the low 20’s French size.  Trauma patients with pneumothorax should get a standard larger chest tube.

 Gotta differentiate between blebs and pneumo's in COPDr's.  Below are Blebs/bullae in a COPD patient

Blebs in COPDr’s can be easily confused for a pneumothorax.  If in doubt, get a CT to clarify the diagnosis.

The definition of massive hemoptysis is >600ml over 24 hours.  For quick estimation of hemoptysis volume in the ED: mild hemoptysis is blood streaked sputum,  moderate hemoptysis is clots/fress blood, massive hemoptysis interferes with oxygenation.   Remember that TB can be a cause of massive hemoptysis and wear personal protective  gear when at the bedside of a patient with massive hemoptysis.

Tracheo-Innominte Artery Fistula:  Happens within several days to 4 weeks of tracheostomy placement.  Patient can have a relatively minor appearing sentinel bleed.  But the next bleed is going to be catastrophic.   Get a CT chest/neck and a bronchoscopy in the ED for sentinel bleed.  If the patient is having massive bleeding,  over-inflate the trach balloon.   If that fails to stop the bleeding, intubate patient from above, remove the tracheostomy tube simultaneously and  stick your finger into the tracheostomy site anterior to the trachea and use your finger to compress  against the sternum.     Teaching point: Recent tracheostomy and bleeding from tracheostomy  site consider Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula. 

Harwood comment: in NH patients with bleeding from trach site, if you see an obvious source from the skin then probably no danger.  If you don’t see an obvious soft tissue source of blood, then you gotta CT and get a Bronchoscopy .

 

Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula Rescue Maneuver

Risk factors for lung cancer in a patient with hemoptysis: male, age >40,  smoker, recurrent hemoptysis, and no bronchitis/infectious symptoms.

Most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in HIV patients: Strep Pneumo.

Also think about TB in HIV patients even if their CD4 counts are OK.  Think about pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV patients with pneumothorax.

 

Pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumothorax

Pneumonia symptom complexes: Sudden onset, rust color sputum, rigors think strep pneumo. Post influenza think staph.    Alcoholic think Klebsiella.  Joint pain, bullae on TM, rash, sore throat think mycoplasma.

Aspiration pneumonia:   Don’t use steroids.  You need anaerobic coverage in addition to usual CAP coverage.   Add clindamycin to usual CAP coverage.  Moxifloxin is a second line option that can be used as single agen.   For HAP with suspected aspiration, the Zosyn in our standard HAP regimen will adequately cover anaerobes.

IGRA blood test can be used in place of PPD to identify TB exposure.  The result comes back within 24 hours.  It is thought to have similar sensitivity and specificity to a PPD test.  Consider for use in admitted patients to help identify more rapidly who needs to stay in isolation.  Could also this test use in outpatients to avoid need to re-evaluate pt’s PPD site.

Primary TB infection is usually asymptomatic.  Latent stage has positive PPD.   5% risk of progressing from latent stage to active TB in 2 years in immunocompetent patients.   5% chance of converting from latent to active TB during patient’s lifetime in immunocompetent patients.    A patient is contagious only during active stage of TB.

Scrophula=painless lymphadenitis due to TB or other mycobacterium.  In adults it is most commonly due to TB.  In kids it is most commonly due to other non-TB mycobacterium

 

Scrofula

Negro/Doherty            Trauma Lecture

60 yo male was pinned between a car and a brick wall.  Pt arrived to ED with tachycardia and cool extremities (clinically in shock despite BP being still over 100systolic).  Pt had open pelvic wounds including rectal wound that were bleeding. It turns out that patient was on Plavix to make matters worse.

Pelvic Xrays showed very wide diastasis of pubic symphisis

Only check the pelvis for instability once.  Don’t repeat  pelvic instability exam if you think the pelvis is unstable.  Moving the boney fragments can increase bleeding.  

 Pelvic binders are still recommended by ATLS but there is no animal study data to support pelvic binding. Consensus by Trauma and EM at this conference was that pelvic binding was still helpful.  Pelvic binding should be wrapped around the greater trochanters not the iliac crests.   Binding will not have an effect on arterial bleeding.  It is intended to tamponade venous bleeding.  External pelvic fixation has no benefit over pelvic binding.   Patients with hemodynamic instability from a pelvic fracture despite pelvic binding should go to IR for embolization.

Patient continue to receive IV fluids and O negative blood.   Patient had an open rectal wound from sharp boney edge which was packed.

 Patient became agitated and was intubated.    Have to be careful about hemodynamic collapse in this type of patient when giving induction drugs.  Give conservative doses of induction agents.  Choose the most hemodynamically neutral induction agents and be prepared to give push dose of pressors for hemodynamic collapse.

 Massive transfusion protocol was initiated.

 Tranexamic Acid inhibits fibrinolysis by blocking lysine binding sites on plasminogen.   CRASH-2 trial showed a decrease in mortality  from all causes (14.5% vs. 16%).   TXA was given.

 

TXA competitively inhibits fibrinolysis

Next decision is whether to go to OR or IR.

 Doherty comment:  This decision is more complicated than the algorithms make it seem.  The right answer for boards is go to IR.  However, if there is a delay to get IR mobilized,  there are arguments to take a very unstable patient to the OR.  The goal of management for both IR and OR is to occlude the internal iliac artery on the side of fracture.

 FAST scan can help with this decision.  If you can get patient to IR rapidly and there is no intra-peritoneal blood on FAST then patient should go to IR.  If FAST shows intra-peritoneal blood the patient should go to OR.   Doherty comment: This situation is one of the most critical indications for FAST scanning.   It’s a binary test: If blood on FAST go to OR.  If no blood on FAST, go to IR.  Prior to FAST, old school approach was an open supra-umbilical DPL to identify intra-peritoneal blood.

Doherty comment: If patient’s BP bumps up during IR procedure it is a sign of successful embolization of  the internal iliac or branch vessel.

Beckemeyer/Katiyar            Oral Boards

Case 1.  Young boy presents with vomiting and passed out.   Family members from Viet Nam were visiting.  One family member was taking medication for “lung problem”.   Patient began seizing in ED.   Diagnosis was INH poisoning.  Critical actions were to manage seizures initially with lorazepam and to give pyridoxine as an antidote to INH induced seizures. 

Case 2.  14 yo female passed out twice at school.  Pt had palpitations at gym class and passed out .  EKG shows long QT interval.  Patient arrests in ED.   Monitor shows torsades.    Critical actions: Defibrillate and give IV magnesium.  Could also overdrive pace to shorten QT interval.

Case 3. 42 y/o female with worsening headaches, 4 weeks post-partum. Has seizure in ED, treated with magnesium. Diagnosed with eclampsia. Critical actions- CT/MRI, control BP, magnesium.

Knight  Hemoptysis

Unfortunately, I missed the majority of this excellent lecture.

Brisk hemoptysis is more deadly than exsanguination.

 Herrmann comment: When attempting to intubate the hemoptysis patient, suction the airway and place the yankaur suction catheter  through the cords and then pass a bougie right next to the yankaur through the cords.  You can then pass an ET tube over the bougie

Hemming                CHF and Pulmonary Edema

2 most Common causes of readmission for CHF: diet, medication non compliance.

Best history components for diagnosing CHF: CHF, MI, CAD

Best symptom components for diagnosing CHF: PND, Orthopnea, Edema

Best PE components for diagnosing CHF: S3, HJR, JVD

High level discussion between Elise, Erik, Christine, and Harwood about the utility of LR’s on the above items.   There was no clear consensus to report.

Sonographic B lines correlate well with Curley B lines and Lung water scores.  It can reliably diagnose CHF.  3 or more comet tails is suggestive of wet lungs.   Girzadas comment:  U/S is very reliable for diagnosis CHF.

BNP can diagnose and prognosticate CHF.   Other causes of elevated bnp: age, renal failure, ACS, chronic lung disease, large PE, high output cardiac state. 

Treatment of CHF:  NTG is first line.  IV furosemide is second line but efficacy is unclear .   Ace inhibitor is third line; some caution because it can cause hypotension.  Morphine is ineffective and may result in respiratory depression and worsened outcome.  Morphine may be indicated in diastolic dysfunction with elevated BP.   O2 and Bipap/Intubation should be used as indicated.  Balloon pump should be used for mechanical cardiac complications (wall rupture,  valve dysfunction,  papillary muscle rupture) causing CHF .  Inotropes are not usually indicated for CHF management due to increased mortality.

Discussion of Furosemide in CHF:  Erik’s comment was to take the middle road, give IV NTG and give small dose of IV Furosemide.   Harwood comment:  Give high dose IV NTG initially, titrate back to lower dose after first hour or two and also give conservative dose of IV  Furosemide.   Febbo comment: Research showed no difference between high dose IV Furosemide or an IV dose of Furosemide consistent with patient’s usual oral dose.   

Harwood comment: If you have to intubate a CHF patient you are a failure as an ER doc.  A good ER doc should be able to pull the vast majority of CHF patients back from the edge using Bipap and NTG and Furosemide.   Andrea comment: There may be the rare patient you have to intubate and you shouldn’t feel bad about that.   The faculty agreed that in the hypotensive CHF patient they have cardiogenic shock and these patients should be intubated and given an inotrope and should have emergent cardiology consultation .

Burt                  Patient Follow-Up

55yo female with abdominal pain.  Hx of cholithiasis and HTN.  No previous surgery.  Exam showed RUQ tenderness.  Initial work up focused on possible cholecystitis.  Pt later told examiner that she had been “walking funny”.   Repeat exam showed abnormal gait.   Labs all normal.  U/S of gb shows gall stones but no wall thickening.   MRI of spine showed epidural  spinal cord compression from tumor.  Breast, prostate, lung, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, sarcoma, renal cell, melanoma are potential primary neoplasms that can cause epidural cord compression. Epidural neoplasm or abscess are very difficult diagnoses and are frequently missed on the initial ED visit.

 

 Arrows point to lymphoma causing epidural compression

Htet               Patient Follow-Up

60 yo male with altered mental status.  Patient had unusual headache for week prior.  Hx of HTN, CKD, cardiac aneurysm s/p repair on Coumadin.    In ED atient was intubated and INR was 3.5.  CT showed SAH with trans-tentorial herniation. 

 

Colored arrows point to subarachnoid blood. Black and white arrows point to normal calcifications

Pt was given FEIBA in the ED.  Neurosurgery placed ventriculostomy in ED.  Dilantin  was given.  IV versed given for sedation.   Patient was having seizures every 3 minutes in ED.  IV Ativan was ineffective for stopping seizures.  Second dose of Dilantin given.  Keppra 500mg IV also not effective (could have given 1000mg).  IV phenobarbital 20mg/kg was given and worked.  Phenobarbital binds to GABA receptors. It reduces cerebral blood flow and reduces cerebral metabolic activity.  Down side is patients can have @100 hours of sedation and  also have hypotension.

Class 2B recommendation: Prophylactic anticonvulsants can be given in the immediate post-SAH period. 

Status epilepticus: Class 1 recommendation=lorazepam and midazolam.  Class 2 recommendations: Keppra,   phenobarbital, phenytoin, propofol, and valproate.  

Harwood comment: For a patient in status epilepticus start with aggressive benzo’s and then just start trying any other anti-epileptic.    When you combine benzo’s and phenobarb, you will have to be prepared to  intubate that patient if they become apneic.

Erik comment: In patients with refractory seizures who are getting hyperthermic, consider starting  therapeutic hypothermia.

Conference Notes 4-9-2014

Permar/Ryan    Oral Boards

Case 1.  50 yo male with etoh intoxication.   Labs show marked hyponatremia (107).   Diagnosis is beer potomania.  Critical actions: Avoid hypertonic saline because patient has no acute neuro findings. Put patient in ICU.  Slowly increase sodium with oral fluid restriction and IV normal saline cautiously.   The cause of hyponatremia in beer potomania is lack of dietary solute that causes the kidney to retain fluid.   Average sodium in these patients is 108.  Nick Kettaneh comment: EM Crit suggests fluid restriction.  Girzadas agrees, I think fluid restriction with very cautious/minimal saline administration is indicated

 

Case 2.  4yo female with leg pain.   U/S shows small effusion of the hip.  Labs all normal.  Pt improved with po Tylenol/Advil.  Diagnosis was toxic synovitis.    Critical actions were to evaluate for septic arthritis, fracture, other boney problem, and leukemia.   Ibuprofen is preferred for this malady over acetaminophen.

 

Case 3.   19 yo female with fever and altered mental status. Pt is also pregnant and has abdominal pain.  (cruel twist to the case).  Pt had gone to a clinic for an abortion 2-3 days prior to ED presentation.  Diagnosis was septic abortion.  Critical actions: Resuscitation with IV fluids , IV abx,  labs including quantitative HCG/ RH status, pelvic U/S, OB consult for surgery.   Girzadas comment:  ceftriaxone/gentamycin is not adequate coverage for septic abortion.  You need MRSA and anaerobe coverage so Vanco/Zosyn would be a reasonable choice.  Alternatively you could add clindamycin to the rocephin and gentamycin.  PharmD comment:  You don’t really need MRSA coverage in this clinical situation but you do need anaerobe coverage.   Sanford recommends ceftriaxone/flagyl

Levato    Antibiotic Update

 Uncomplicated UTI’s : treat with cephalexin for 7 days or nitrofurantoin for 5 days.  Creatinine clearance cutoff for using nitrofuantoin is above 60.

 Community Acquired Pneumonia that fails outpatient macrolide or beta-lactam therapy:  Switch to moxifloxacin.  Do not use Vanco/Zosyn unless patient meets HCAP criteria.   Harwood comment: I use CAP (IV ceftriaxone/azithro ) antibiotics for this situation.   For community acquired aspiration pneumonia, add clindamycin to ceftriaxone/azithromycin.    Alternatively, moxifloxin could be used as single agent coverage community acquired aspiration. Moxifloxin has anaerobic coverage.

 Cellulitis: Basic cellulitis without complicating issues like DM, peripheral vascular disease, or healthcare facility associated infections can be treated with IV cefazolin or IV clindamycin.    IV cefazolin has much higher tissue levels than po Keflex so a failure on po Keflex can still improve with IV cefazolin. You don’t necessarily have to go to IV vanco for Keflex failures.   Avoid Vanco/Zosyn for run of the mill community-acquired soft tissue infections.   MRSA doesn’t usually present as cellulitis so cellulitis does not need MRSA coverage.   For early cellulitis in a diabetic, IV cefazolin is also a reasonable choice.   For more severe infections (diabetic foot) cefazolin is not adequate coverage.   

 Bactrim and Doxy  both have 99% effectiveness against community acquired MRSA.

Chan         Quality Committee Update

 Clinical judgment is required to determine if post-arrest patient will go to cath lab.   In patients with multiple co-morbidities EM and Cardiology  physicians will have to make a decision whether or  not to go to cath lab post-arrest.

New LBBB without typical angina symptoms does not go to cath lab.  You have to have a new LBBB and  a good history consistent with cardiac pain.

Please give antibiotics for pneumonia prior to clicking “Dr. Done”    CMS criteria look at antibiotics given in ED for CAP.

To give HCAP antibiotics, document immunocompromise or that patient was hospitalized for 48 hours in the last 90 days.

 FirstNet now has an ED Stroke Alert powerplan.   That’s the powerplan to use in the ED when managing a stroke patient.   Goal to administer TPA for stroke is 60 minutes door to drug time at least 50% of the time.  Door to CT goal is 25 min.     Harwood comment: It is important to streamline registration process so that we can order tests/CT scans more rapidly.   It would be optimal to have TPA prepared prior to needing it and dispose of it if not needed.   Chan response: We had @250 Code Stroke activations and 41 of those received TPA.  That would be a lot of TPA wastage.   Kessen comment: At my new job, they use a digital clock in the patient’s room to count down the time left to give TPA in stroke patients or get STEMI’s to the cath lab.

 Please follow Restraint Order requirements very closely.  Please time when the patient is actually placed in restraints.   Make sure the restraints placed on patient match the order entered in FirstNet.

 CAUTI = Catheter associated UTI’s.   You must document an appropriate indication for foley placement.  This is an Advocate-wide priority to decrease foley catheter use/infections.  Straight cath’s do not fall into this monitored category.    You can straight cath multiple times instead of placing a foley.  Multiple straight caths are preferred over indwelling foley placement.

 Burn Trauma: Have a low threshold to consult Burn Center.

 Pediatric Psych Patients: SASS worker does not have final say on whether a patient is admitted to a state facility.  MD can override SASS recommendation and SASS worker has to find a facility for patient admission.

Walchuk             M & M

 79 yo male with hyperkalemia and renal failure.  Hx of AICD, HTN, AFIB, CAD, CHF.

Vitals showed hypotension.  Exam showed dehydration.  CXR was neg.  EKG was paced.  K=7.5  Cr=9.2  INR=5.9

Initial treatment: Hyperkalemia management, IV fluids, Bicarb drip, foley placement.

Pt went up to floor and it was learned that patient was digoxin toxic.   Patient was transferred to the ICU and given digibind.

Digoxin blocks the sodium-potassium ATPase transport mechanism leading to increased intracellular calcium and increased contractility.

Digoxin increases vagal tone and slows done AV nodal conduction and decreases AV nodal automaticity.   Digoxin increases ectopic beats.

 

Clinical findings of digoxin toxicity: nausea/vomiting, lethargy, coma, nearly any dysrhythmia except rapidly conducted supraventricular arrhythmia.  Ectopic beats like PVC’s are common.   A common finding in digoxin toxicity is SVT with AV block.   Bidirectional tachycardia is virtually pathognominic of digoxin toxicity.  EKG findings with therapeutic digoxin levels are  scooped ST segments in lateral leads.   Hyperkalemia is common with digoxin toxicity.  The degree of hyperkalemia is a better predictor of mortality than digoxin level or EKG findings.

 Digoxin Effect

BiDirectional Tachycardia

Treatment for digoxin toicity is digibind.  Avoid class 1a antiarrythmics.   Do not use procainamide in the setting of digoxin toxicity.  

Calcium administration in the setting of digoxin toxicity is controversial.  There are a few case reports of death but most recent reviews show that it is generally safe to give.

 Indications for Digibind: life threatening dysrhythmia,  K>5,  chronic digoxin poisoning, Digoxin level >15.

Carlson and Harwood comment: Probably digibind was not indicated in this case.  The cause of hyperkalemia was likely mostly dehydration and worsened renal function.   The fact that the patient had a pacemaker gave an extra margin of safety.  Andrea would have kept the digoxin at the bedside.  She would have arranged for dialysis.   Andrea comment: As the emergency physician you have a responsibility to identify what meds the patient is on especially if the med list is not easily found.    Harwood comment: Get a digoxin level in patients with hyperkalemia or if patients have slow afib.

E. Kulstad          Study Guide    Cardiovascular

 Asa is one of maybe two drugs that has been shown to unequivocally reduce mortality in AMI.  The absolute risk reduction of ASA is 4%.  The other drug that has shown mortality reduction is thrombolytics.

New Research finding: Don’t give ASA pre-operatively (GI surgery, ortho surgery, gu surgery, cancer surgery, etc) to prevent cardiovascular complications.  There is no benefit in MI prevention.   Clonidine also does not work to prevent MI’s post-operatively.   Asa has increased bleeding risk with no benefit in MI prevention post-op so don’t give pre-op.

 Criteria for benign early repol: widespread st elevation, j point elevation,  concave up, notching of j point, concordant/prominent  t waves.   Girzadas comment: also has to be no reciprocal changes.  Erik response: True but that is not included in the formal definition.

BERP

Electrical alternans is kinda pathognomonic for pericardial effusion.  This ekg finding has low sensitivity and high specificity.   There was a discussion about whether this finding was truly pathognomonic.

Electrical Alternans (Not sure the difference between electrical alternans and bi directional tachycardia except bidirectional tachycardia is probably going to be wide complex.)

Tangential Quest for Knowledge:

Pathognomonic (often misspelled as pathognomic and sometimes as pathomnemonic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means characteristic for a particular disease. A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. Labelling a sign or symptom "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom.  (Wikipedia)

 In medicine, the term sine qua non is often used in regard to any sign, symptom, or finding whose absence would very likely mean absence of the target disease or condition. The test for such a sign, symptom or finding would thereby have very high sensitivity, and rarely miss the condition, so a negative result should be reassuring (the disease tested for is absent). 

In contrast, a pathognomonic sign or symptom is one whose presence would very likely mean presence of the target disease or condition. The tests for such signs are highly specific and very unlikely to give a false positive result. (Wikipedia)

So my take is:  sine qua non is highly sensitive and pathognomonic is highly specific.  

Stress testing: sensitivity is @80% and specificity is also @80%.  The outcome stress testing is measured against is coronary stenosis on angiogram.   If you identify a stenosis on stress testing, there is no mortality benefit of stenting over maximal medical therapy (smoking cessation, lipid management, bp control, exercise, anti-platelet therapy, weight control).  

New sea-change in cardiovascular management this month with the JNC raising BP goals for older patients to <150/90 and AHA recommending decreasing frequency of lipid testing.

 The only clear indication for an angiography/stenting to decrease mortality is in the STEMI patient.

 The classic diagnosict triad of aortic stenosis is chest pain, dyspnea, and exertional syncope.  It is the most common valvular lesion in the US and about 3% of patients over age 75 have this problem.  In patients with syncope and AS the 3 year mortality is 50%.   In patients with dyspnea and AS the 2 year mortality is 50%.  Treatment is surgery or now there is a Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Therapy available.

 Heparin has 0% risk reduction for death in the setting of ACS.

Purnell        Safety Lecture     EKG’s

 EKG’s frequently are ordered by persons other than the physician and they can be lost or not seen by the physician.   EKG’s are frequently not in a patient’s chart when we go in to see a patient.  We can forget to check the patient’s name on the EKG.

Carenet plus has EKG’s stored electronically and the ED EKG’s can be accessed while the patient is still in the ED.

  Harwood comment: A reasonable system fix would be to have an EKG image or interpretation linked to the tracking board similar to lab and imaging results.

 Energetic discussion of solving these EKG problems ensued.

4/2/14 Conference notes

Dr. Girzadas is at CORD, poor substitution by C Kulstad

8-9: CV Study guide by Dr. C Kulstad

9-930: Safety lecture by Dr. Balogun

Presentation of 4 cases with various chief complaints united by delayed urine testing. 89% of patients with GI/GU complaints have documented UCG at ACMC. Takes 2.5-4 hours after registration to get UCG performed here.  Reasons UCG is delayed- patient can’t urinate, sample there but not processed, not considered important, or ED busy (staff overwhelmed, sample lost).

Important to avoid delay in imaging, psychiatric placement, medication choices.

Ideas for improvement 1) expand and enforce triage UCG orders 2) order UCG for patient of childbearing years who might need medications or imaging before you see them 3) talk with nurse/tech 4) give pt urine cup and instructions and/or perform urine hcg 5) straight cath when UCG is critical to management

Pushback- physicians don’t need to take on additional roles unless emergent need. Compromise- give cup and instructions then notify tech/RN that pt is giving sample

930-12 U/S lecture and workshop- Dr. Lambert

Lambert finds 1^st trimester pelvic ultrasound most meaningful ED ultrasound  for patient management.

Anatomy reminders- pelvis tilted 45 degrees anteriorly when upright. Just behind symphysis pubis will be the bladder. Uterus tends to be horizontal. There is peritoneal reflection between bladder and uterus- not normal to have fluid here. Another peritoneal reflection between uterus and rectum (aka pouch of Doulgas)- very common to have small amount of fluid here in normal patient.

 

Ovaries are next to external iliac vessels, just anterior to ureters.  Bowel gas can obscure visualization of uterus, helps if bladder is distended.

Yolk sac should be visible by 5 wks. Often see cardiac flicker just afterwards, at  5-6 wks.

Ways to image pelvis- Transabdominal- place probe just above symphysis pubis. Use bladder as acoustic window. Less invasive and good field of view. Lower frequency probe means lower image quality. Uncomfortable to press on distended bladder.

Obtain transverse and sagittal views. Sagittal- indicator points to umbilicus. You will see bladder (triangular at top of screen) then uterus (pear shaped). At inferior part of screen- see vaginal stripe towards left screen. Should see endometrial and vaginal stripe in one view, that shows you are in midline. Transverse- Indicator to right. Top of screen will show bladder (rectangular) with uterus (oval) posterior. Ovaries may be seen inferior to bladder at edges of uterus (often are not seen).  

 

Sagittal                                                                            Transverse

 Transvaginal- better because probe is closer to organ of interest, and the high frequency probe gives better images. Not than uncomfortable, especially compared to pressing on full bladder. Get wide field of view but not as much depth. Anatomic relationships can be confusing. Obtain sagittal and coronal views.

Sagittal- indicator up. Think of flipping the sagittal transabdominal view 90 degrees counterclockwise. See long axis of uterus with cervix towards right of screen (opposite of indicator side). May need to tilt probe by moving back of handle down (tip of probe to ceiling). Bladder may be visible at top, left of screen.

Coronal- see slices of uterus from cervix to fundus in short axis- back of handle down to see fundus. May get better images by backing probe out a little bit (make sure you don’t allow air gap which would degrade image quality a lot).

Ovary – 2 x2 x3 cm- should be oval and have peripheral follicles, may have to slide probe lateral to cervix and a bit deeper. They should be inferior/medial to iliac vessels (can use color flow to identify vessels).

Cystic structure on ovary in pregnant patient is corpus luteum- usually a couple of cm but can get up to 6 cm. Starts regressing at 6 wks

Endometrial stripe- hyperechoic inner part of the uterus, has 3 layers. Decidua is the same thing as endometrium, just in a pregnant patient. Double decidual sac is endometrium over embryo, seen at 4 wks.

At 5 wks, see yolk sac which looks triangular inside decidual sac.

60% of u/s done in ED for r/o ectopic in first trimester will show IUP clearly. Greatly decrease time to patient dispo. Improve patient satisfaction as you spend more time with patient. Plus, unstable ruptured ectopic patients can’t go to ultrasound.

Diagnostic criteria for 1^st trimester ultrasound

Live IUP- gestational sac at least 5 mm internal diameter within the endometrial echo of uterus with 1) fetal pole and 2) heart beat

IUP- same criteria but without cardiac activity.

Abnormal IUP- same criteria but 1) gestation sac > 10 mm w/o yolk sac or 2) gestational sac > 16 mm and no fetal pole or 3) obvious fetal pole w/o cardiac activity

Extrauterine gestation- gestational sac at least 5 mm internal diameter- outside endometrial echo and one of the following 1) yolk sac or 2) fetal pole.  This is why landmarks are so important! Ectopic pregnancies often look like they’re in the uterus if you do a cursory ultrasound.

No definitive pregnancy- 1) normal uterus or 2) sac that isn’t big enough yet or 3) gestational sac with yolk sac or fetal pole.

15-20% of ultrasounds end up being no definitive IUP. About 30% of those will end of being ectopic- rate increases with free fluid or mass seen. Must have good follow-up arranged.

Hands-on practice