Conference Notes 11-5-2014

November 6, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Permar M&M

9 day old female born at 38 weeks without complication. Patient presents with jaundice, decreased PO intake, no fever. T=37.2, HR=113, RR=26, BP=81/52, SPO2=100%

Patient noted to be lethargic. Mucosa was somewhat dry. Bilirubin level was ordered by the resident.

Attending saw the patient and advised that a septic workup should be done.

When labs come back, the total bili was 28! LP was performed and showed CSF fluid that was yellow tinged due to elevated bilirubin.

The Pediatric service advised PICU admission for management of the bilirubin level and possible exchange transfusion.

Elevated bilirubin develops from increased fetal HGB breakdown. Neonatal hepatic function is slow compared to older infants and adults. By 14 days of age, most neonates have reached adult level hepatic function and in most infants neonatal jaundice is resolved by that time.

*Bilirubin Metabolism (Colletti EM Clinic Nov. 2007)

Causes of indirect (unconjugated) hyperbilirubinemia: physiologic jaundice, ABO incompatability, sepsis, cephalohematoma, enzyme deficits. Breast milk jaundice is the persistence of physiologic jaundice beyond one week. Human milk promotes bilirubin absorption in the gut. Breast feeding failure jaundice results from lactation failure and inadequate fluid intake. Hypovolemia results in elevated bili levels and increased enterophepatic reabsorption.

The problem: Bilrubin crosses the blood brain barrier and can cause damage to the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cerebellum, and some cranial nerves. BIND=B=bilirubin I=Induced N=Neurologic D=Dysfunction. Patients with BIND can have hypotonia/hypertonia, decreased alertness, poor feeding and develop long term cognitive deficits.

Danger signs in the Jaundiced Neonate

1. Family history of significant hemolytic disease

2. Vomiting

3. Lethargy

4. Poor feeding

5. Fever

6. Onset of jaundice after the third day of life

7. High-pitched cry

8. Dark urine

9. Light stools

Galactosemia presents as feeding intolerance manifested by persistent vomiting, an

enlarged liver, seizures, and lethargy. Ill appearing patients will likely be acidotic. Newborn screening should pick this up, but there can be false negatives.

In a well-appearing, afebrile infant with unconjugated

hyperbilirubinemia and normal hemoglobin, no further tests are needed.

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is concerning because, although it is nontoxic,

it is a marker for serious underlying disease. Associated findings of conjugated

hyperbilirubinemia are pale acholic stools, dark urine, or the presence

of bilirubin in the urine. (Colletti EM Clinic Nov. 2007)

The mainstay of treatment for hyperbilirubinemia is phototherapy. Modalities beyond phototherapy include IVIG and exchange transfusion. Exchange transfusion has the usual risks associated with transfusions.

Take home lessons:

Be alert for the sick neonate

Consider sepsis in every jaundiced neonate

Be alert for delays in how your work up was going.

Get phototherapy started as soon as possible after identifying a bilirubin >18.

In severely high bilirubin levels (>25) consider IVIG and/or exchange transfusion.

Harwood comment: What was the discharge diagnosis? Trale: Breast feeding failure jaundice. Elise comment: What are the patient safety concerns of phototherapy? Trale: Infants need eye protection and you have to avoid overheating the infant or causing a skin burn. Erik comment: Consenting parents to do an LP may unnecessarily delay care. Girzadas comment: You have to consider sepsis as a differential diagnosis in every jaundiced neonate. You don’t have to work up every jaundiced infant for sepsis but you at least have to consider and rule out that diagnosis in your head before moving on to treatment. The fact that you saw bilirubin in the CSF really demonstrates the idea that the brain is being bathed in bilirubin and you need to act rapidly to get that level down.

Carlson Study Guide Toxicology

Pepto-Bismal, Ben-Gay, and wart removers contain salicylate. The pediatric formulation of pepto-bismal has no salicylate to avoid causing Reye’s syndrome.

If a toddler ingested or is suspected to have ingested a sustained release calcium channel blocker they need to be admitted and observed for over 12 hours. Children with this overdose have been reported to crump 12-18 hours after ingestion even though they looked well initially.

NAC works as an antidote for APAP by increasing glutathione supply, detoxification of NAPQI and enhance hepatic microvascular function.

*NAC for Acetaminophen Poisoning

14 yo female reports an ingestion of 10g of APAP 45 minutes ago. Best management? Answer: Give activated charcoal and wait to get a 4 hour APAP level. If the 4 hour level is over the possibly toxic line (150 at 4 hours), give NAC. As long as NAC treatment is started within 8 hours, patients universally do fine.

*Rumack Matthews Nomogram for Acetaminophen Poisoning

Glucagon is used in beta blocker toxicity to increase cAMP in order to increase cardiac contractility.

Verapamil is the most common cause of death among calcium channel blocker overdoses due to having both strong smooth muscle relaxation effects and strong AV nodal blocking effects. These patients get both hypotensive and bradycardic.

Caffeine acts on the adenosine receptor. If a patient has a caffeine overdose, lower doses of adenosine may not work to control SVT. You may have to use higher doses of adenosine (12-18mg)or choose a beta blocker (like esmolol or metoprolol) or cardioversion instead to get the patient back into sinus rhythm.

Digoxin-like plants include oleander, foxglove, and lilly of the valley.

*Oleander

Jimson weed has anticholinergic effects.

*Jimson Weed

Sotalol is possibly the most common prescription drug cause of torsades

*Torsades

Patients with high phenytoin levels are at risk for falling due to ataxia. Phenytoin does not cause primary cardiovascular instability or coma. Consequently if you admit a patient with phenytoin overdose, you are admitting them to protect them from a fall. They don’t need the ICU or Tele because arrhythmias and coma are not a concern from this overdose.

Morning glory plant seeds have LSD-like substances in them. If you buy them in the store, manufacturers add an emetic substance so if people try to eat them to get high they will instead vomit.

Insulin acts in CCB poisoining to increase myocardial glucose uptake. It works to alleviate the “starving myocyte” in CCB poisoning.

*Starving myocyte in Calcium Channel Blocker and Beta blocker poisoning. Insulin acts to increase intracellular glucose. Glucagon acts to increase intracellular cAMP.

High dose glucagon infusions for B-blocker toxicity may cause nausea and vomiting.

The biggest benefit of fosphenytoin over phenytoin is that it can be given IM.

Most common lab test abnormality in theophylline overdose is hypokalemia.

Dextromethorophan and Ketamine can cause a positive result for PCP on urine drug screen.

Neal Lyons Pharmacist Lecture on ED Protocols

65yo male on ventilator for flash pulmonary edema. Best sedation medication is fentanyl. Harwood comment: As long as they are intubated, hit them hard with fentanyl so they are calm. Give 50-100micrograms and keep the drip at about 50 micrograms/hour. If fentanyl is not effective add benzodiazepines or propofol.

65 yo male with severe ETOH withdrawl. Start with IV Ativan 8mg Q15 minutes X 5 doses. If still not under control, then move on to phenobarbital 260mg IV. Then start Ativan infusion at 10mg/hr. Next give phenobarbital 130mg IVP Q 15 minutes up to 8 doses. Elise comment: Is it ok to just load the patient with 1300mg of phenobarbital up front with a drip instead of 130mg aliquots? Neal: Yes definitely.

Max dosing of Ativan is 30mg/hr. By this time patient will likely be intubated. If patient still not controlled, IV propofol is started.

Htet comment: There is some research in the ICU describing the use of ketamine for severe ETOH withdrawl. Neal: Yes that is correct. I am skeptical about using ketamine for severe alcohol withdrawl, but we’ll see. Another option may be dexmedetomidine, but it’s use is very restricted at our institution. Ketamine and dexmedetomidine act at a non-GABA sites. Ketamine works at the NMDA receptor and dexmedetomidine works in the locus ceruleus. So there is some logic to using these drugs if GABA-acting drugs like benzo’s and Phenobarbital are not controlling the patient.

Harwood comment: Despite these major doses of benzo’s and phenobarbital, alcohol withdrawal patients are so adrenergic ally revved up they may not have severe respiratory depression to require intubation. They are different than say seizure patients who get benzo’s and phenobarbital and have marked respiratory depression with high doses of the same drugs.

25yo patient in DKA. Give 1.5 maintenance rate of IV fluids. No IV fluid bolus unless patient is in shock. Neal says 20meq of KCL /hour through a peripheral line is OK. You can go over the soft limit of 10meg KCL per hour if needed to manage hypokalemia in the DKA patient. Elise comment: Don’t give insulin boluses either. Just start a drip 0.1u/kg/hour. Harwood comment: I am sad that bicarb is still on the protocol. You don’t need bicarb for DKA unless you are doing CPR on the patient. When managing the DKA patient, the goal glucose level is 250. The goal rate of glucose decrease is 50-100mg/dL/hr. Elise comment: Please make sure you know the potassium level is in the normal range before starting insulin. Be aggressive to supplement potassium while the patient is on an insulin drip.

Navarrete comment: Really try to avoid stopping the insulin drip as the sugar gets into the 200’s/100’s. Instead of turning the insulin drip off, decrease the drip to 1u/hour. You should be able to maintain a reasonable blood sugar while at the same time continuing to clear acidosis and not risking a raid bump back up in blood sugar if you turn the drip off.

65 yo male with ICH due to warfarin use. Give FEIBA 500 units and vitamin K 10mg IVPB. Recheck INR in 30 minutes. If INR is less than 1.5 no further intervention is indicated. If INR is still >/= to 1.5 consider another dose of FEIBA 500 units. Elise comment: FEIBA is only for life threatening bleeding. There is a significant incidence of clotting complications with this drug. It is too dangerous to be used for more minor bleeds. If a patient has life-threatening bleeding due to rivaroxiban, they get a much higher dose of FEIBA. Give 50u/KG of FEIBA. This works out to 3500units for the 70kg lean body weight patient. This is similar to hemophilia type dosing. Vitamin K has no added benefit is bleeding due to rivaroxiban.

West Cost Effective Lab Testing

Limit magnesium testing to: Patients with arrhythmias, low Calcium, refractory low potassium, muscle irritability/tetanus. Consider magnesium testing for: Patient with chronic diarrhea, PPI usage, diuretic usage, alcoholism, and renal disease.

Limit coagulation testing to patients with liver disease, impaired clotting, those taking anticoagulants, or based on history or physical exam showing bleeding tendency or risk.

No need to ever order CK-MB when evaluating patients for suspected cardiac disease. Troponin is superior in all circumstances to pick up infarction and re-infarction.

Navarrete Hyperemesis Gravidarum

>50% of pregnant women will have nausea. Usually nausea starts around 4 weeks EGA.

Early pregnancy symptoms: nausea and vomiting, food aversions, fatigue, increased saliva, sensitivity to smell, constipation, and heart burn.

There is a link between hyperemesis and H Pylori.

An increased incidence of infection with Helicobacter pylori has been observed in

women with HG and is now considered to play a role in its pathogenesis. Frigo and

colleagues59 found that 90.5% of women with HG were H pylori IgG positive,

compared with 46.5% of controls. Bagis and colleagues60 used the gold standard

test, histologic examination of the mucosal biopsy, and found that 95% of HG patients

tested positive for H pylori compared with 50% of controls. These investigators also

found higher H pylori densities in the gastric antrum and corpus in HG patients, suggesting

a possible relationship between H pylori density and the severity of symptoms.

A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007

found a significant association between maternal H pylori infection and HG in 10

studies. Odds ratios in the studies varied from 0.55 to 109.33.61 Similarly, an updated

systematic review and meta-analysis from 2009 of 25 studies found a pooled odds

ratio of 3.32 (95% CI: 2.25–4.90) for H pylori infection in women with HG.62 Of note,

high heterogeneity among studies was found in both reviews.

Infection with H pylori in pregnancy may occur because of steroid hormone–induced

changes in gastric pH63 and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and

cell-mediated immunity.64 However, there is no clear evidence that pregnancy predisposes

to de novo H pylori infection. On the contrary, it has been suggested that H

pylori may exacerbate hormone-induced changes in the nerve and electric functioning

of the stomach, and thereby increase the risk for infected women to be at the more

severe end of the spectrum of nausea and vomiting.61 (Lee, Saha. GI Clinics of NA June 2011)

Hyperemesis is defined by dehydration, 5% weight loss, or electrolyte abnormalities.

General early measures: small meals, eat small bites, cold/carbonated/clear fluids, take prenatal vitamins at night with a snack, drink fluids 30min before and after meals instead of with meals to decrease stomach distension, and protein intake may decrease nausea.

Complimentary medicine: acupuncture, acupressure, hypnosis, and ginger tea may be of value.

Medications: Diclegis is the combo of pyridoxine 10 mg and doxylamine 10mg. Pregnancy Categorgy A. It is somewhat expensive. The same combination years ago was called bendectin which was taken off the market in 1983 due to concerns and lawsuits about birth defects. Re-evaluation of the data has shown that pyridoxine and doxylamine do not cause birth defects. So you can prescribe diclegis or tell mom to buy vitamin B 6 pills and unisom (doxylamine) as a cheap over the counter alternative to diclegis.

ED treatments: Reglan can be used but in 33% of women it causes movement disorders. Zofran can be used. It is considered safe. Elise comment: Recent big epidemiologic study on Zofran from Denmark showed it was safe. Also the OB faculty are OK with Zofran if B6/doxylamine are not working.

Start with an 8mg dose of zofran. Zantac and Pepcid OK for heartburn( both are Pregnancy Category B). IV fluids 0.9 bolus and switch to D5.45 as a maintenance fluid.

Harwood comment: I’m starting with B6 25mg/doxylamine 10mg first line. My second line based on the most recent data would be Zofran 8mg IV.

E Kulstad Adasuve (Loxapine) Antipsychotic Medication Research Trial for ED Use

This drug is a typical antipsychotic indicated for acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is an inhaled formulation.

There have been some incidences of bronchospasm in treated patients.

Not indicated for severely agitated patients requiring restraint. Patients have to be cooperative to take the medication. They have to inhale the drug on their own.

Can’t be used in patients actively wheezing.

Patients have to be monitored for bronchospasm. They need lung auscultation every 15 minutes for at least an hour.

Elise comment: The cost is much higher than Geodon/Ativan

Girzadas questions: Does the patient need a prior diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder to receive the drug? Erik’s response: They don’t need a documented prior diagnosis. Girzadas question: How much bronchospasm can they get? Erik’s response: It has been infrequent and has been mild. It is contra-indicated in patients with asthma, wheezing, or COPD.

Harwood comment: It seems strange they are not marketing this drug as an oral dissolvable tablet.

Conference Notes 10-29-2014

October 30, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

ACEP Week: Congratulations are in order to a number of our residents after a very successful ACEP conference!

Kasia Gore competed in the national finals of the Clinical Pathologic Case competition, giving an outstanding presentation on a case of epidural abscess.

Lindsay Purnell, Mike Cirone, and Natalie Htet all presented research posters on Tuesday at the Research Forum.

Natalie Htet ran for the EMRA Board.

Adam Bonder, Rachel Burt, and Katie Iannitelli received EMRA's largest award, the "Be the Change Award", for their work on ICU Boarders. This $5,000 award is granted to pursue a project designed to have a significant impact on emergency medicine education, research, practice or policy.

Terrific work everyone-our program and department are extremely proud of your hard work and success!!

Konicki Emoloyee Benefits

Best info resource is BENEFITS.ADVOCATEHEALTH.COM

Open enrollment is from 11-5 to 11-21 This is your opportunity to select/change your benefit options.

Health Plans

EPO requires all your care to be at Advocate. If you go out of network you will pay more. It is the least expensive option.

PPO is least restrictive but most expensive. You can choose the doctors you see.

HMO You pick a provider and they decide on how you get your care.

Worst case scenarios: Your max out of pocket expense for all three health plans (for example you get hit by a truck)ranges from $11,000 (HMO) to $15,000 (PPO)

You really should do your Healthe You exam every year. Advocate gives you $600 cash benefit toward your health plan for doing this.

As part of Healthe You, there is a screening for tobacco use. If you use tobacco or you don’t get screened you will get a surcharge of $25 per pay period.

Hyatt Legal services is an option to have a lawyer on retainer. It is a low cost option to have legal services available if you need it.

Consider getting term life insurance from Advocate because it is inexpensive. It may be a god idea to get some life insurance while you are young & healthy. You can carry it forward if you leave Advocate.

The Advocate Dental and Vision plans are worth the cost if you see the dentist twice a year and if you wear glasses.

When deciding on 401K investments a simple rule is: pick the best performing funds over the last 12 months and don’t put more than 20% of your assets in any single fund.

• Advocate matches your savings by contributing 50 cents for every dollar you save through the Plan, up to the first 6% of your eligible compensation. This matching contribution—which can equal up to 3% of your eligible compensation—applies whether you save
• using pre-tax contributions, after-tax (Roth 401(k)) contributions or a combination of both
• Vesting 20% of advocates contribution per year of service after 2^nd year of eligibility (6 years = 100%)
• Auto enrolled at 3% when hired

*Other Available Benefits

Paik Trauma Lecture

Poly-trauma patient with head and chest injuries.

The patient was resuscitated and bleeding from a scalp wound increased.

Doherty comment: It is common for bleeding to increase with resuscitation. That is why ATLS is now recommending only 1 liter initial crystalloid infusion instead of 2 liters. (so-called balanced resuscitation) Patients actually can bleed to death from severe scalp lacerations.

TBI: severe is GCS 3-8, moderate is GCS 9-13, mild is GCS above 13

Normal ICP is <15 in adults.

*Cerebral autoregulation. Hypotension results in cerebral vasodilation and potentially increased ICP. Doherty comment: That’s why in trauma resuscitation, C comes before D. So if you have a patient with a blown pupil and hypotension from a ruptured spleen, you take them to the OR for management of the splenic injury. It is felt that the best treatment for the brain is to control bleeding and hypotension from the splenic injury.

Treat scalp lacerations initially with direct pressure. Use lidocaine with epinepherine for anesthesia as this will provide some vasoconstriction. Check for foreign bodies in the wound. Stitch or staple the wound as soon as possible. Update tetanus.

Doherty comment: If the skull is fractured and bleeding is coming from brain or intracranial vessels, stitching/stapling the wound won’t always help. Basically apply direct pressure, and get neurosurgery involved ASAP. Applying hemecon or some other hemostatic agent over the wound in addition to direct pressure may be helpful to control bleeding.

Doherty comments: Any open skull fracture should get IV and PO antibiotics to cover gram positive bacteria. Any otorrhea or rhinorrhea in the setting of head trauma should be considered a CSF leak and treated as a basilar skull fracture. Jim doesn’t do any testing of the fluid to confirm CSF leak. He recommends giving antibiotic coverage for CSF leaks again covering gram positive bacteria.

Epidural hematoma: Doherty comment: These injuries usually don’t have severe underlying brain injury. If the hematoma is evacuated within 4 hours, the patients do very well. This is in contrast to subdural hematomas which have significant underlying brain injury. Patient with subdural hematomas don’t do as well even if operated on promptly.

Regarding transfer of head trauma patients, Doherty did not recommend prophylactic intubation if the patient is alert and protecting airway and the transport time is not long.

Criteria for surgical evacuation of Subdural Hematoma

Midline shift >5mm

GCS drops by 3

Fixed dilated pupils

Hematoma >10mm

Diffuse axonal injury: Pt is in a coma and CT is normal. There is no specific treatment. Outcome is poor. Doherty comment: It is hard to prognosticate these patients. Some get better and some don’t. Improvement takes months. The injury is at a microscopic level diffusely. DDX in these patients is Toxicologic cause, DAI, or stroke.

ED Management of TBI: Hypotension and hypoxia increases mortality. Work to avoid both. Keep BP above 90 systolic and keep PaO2>60. Doherty: Aim for a Pao2 over 100. There is some data to support better outcomes with a PaO2>100. Harwood comment: Is the any benefit to pushing the PaO2 to >200 or 300? Doherty response: No evidence to support such high levels of PaO2.

There was a discussion of hyperventilation and the bottom line is don’t hyperventilate unless clear signs of increased ICP like a blown pupil. If you do hyperventilate, aim for a pco2 of 35.

If you use hyperosmolar therapy, hypertonic saline has the advantage of reducing ICP while at the same time expanding systemic volume. It is preferred over mannitol in the poly-trauma patient at risk for hypovolemia/bleeding/shock because mannitol will result in diuresis and potential further hypovolemia.

No role for steroids in the head trauma patient.

Give seizure prophylaxis for seven days in head injured trauma patients.

Tomasello (Visiting Professor/Alum)

Unfortunately I missed this excellent lecture.

Eastvold (Visiting Professor/Alum)

#1 Point of this lecture: If you see localized ST depression, keep looking for ST elevation. If you see localized ST depression it is a big clue to localized ST elevation somewhere else on the EKG. ST depression is often the most prominent sign of a STEMI.

If you see inferior ST depression and ST depression in the right precordial leads V4-V6 think subendocardial ischemia.

*Subendocardial ischemia (note inferior ST depression and ST depression in R precordial leads V4-V6 is greater than the left precordial leads V1-V3)

#2 Point When looking for ST elevation, compare the ST segment to the TP segment.

#3 Point The absolute millimeter criteria for STEMI will often fail you. It is the pattern of the ST segments that matters.

#4 If you see ST depression in V1-3 think posterior MI. More specifically, think posterior MI if you see horizontal ST depression in V1-3 that is greater than ST depression in V4-6 and upright T waves in V1-3. Confirm with a posterior EKG. Posterior EKG’s though are more specific and less sensitive than ST depression anteriorly. You can call a STEMI based solely on the anterior EKG findings for posterior STEMI.

*Posterior MI (note anterior horizontal ST depression greater in V2 than V6 and upright T waves V1-V3. There are also posterior leads (V7-9)in this image which show ST elevation)

#5 If ST depression in V2 is greater than V6 think posterior MI. If ST depression in V6 is greater than V2 think subendocardial ischemia. Subendocardial ischemia can have isolated ST elevation in AVL and is still not a STEMI.

Isolated ST elevation in AVR is never a STEMI. If AVR ST elevation is greater than ST elevation in V1 that is more indicative of left main disease but is not a STEMI.

#6 If you see a new T wave inversion in AVL, look for an ensuing inferior STEMI. A new T wave inversion in AVL is a marker for developing inferior STEMI. Get serial EKG’s to watch for an inferior STEMI.

If you are unsure whether a STEMI is present, get serial EKG’s, get an echo to look for wall motion abnormality, and consult cardiology early.

#7 Benign early repolarization never localizes to the inferior leads.

#8 If ST elevation is greater in lead 3 than lead 2 think RV infarct. Avoid nitroglycerin in RV infarcts.

#9 New Tall T wave in V1 greater than T wave in V6 is indicative of an ensuing anterior STEMI/Proximal LAD lesions. The only exception is LVH with Strain pattern. That can have a tall T wave in V1 that is not ischemic.

# 10 50% of Anterior MI’s don’t have reciprocal changes.

Elise comment: Look at the ST segment contour as well. Straightening of the ST segment/loss of curve of ST segment indicates ischemia.

High lateral leads are 1, AVL, V6. They are contiguous leads.

#11 If the R wave in V3 and V4 is small think anterior ischemia.

*Anterior STEMI (hyperacute t waves) with small R wave in V3/V4 also no reciprocal changes which can happen in 50% of Anterior MI’s.

#12 Think PE if you see inferior and anterior T wave inversions and not in 1 and AVL.

*PE EKG

Zimny Palliative Care Top 10 Pearls

Palliative care model has changed to begin palliative care earlier in the course of a potentially terminal illness. The level of palliative care increases as the illness progresses and standard medical care has less to offer the patient.

*Palliative Care model

Hospice is not a place, it is a model of care. Patients can be in Hospice at home. Hospice doesn’t always have to be revoked once a patient presents to an ED.

DNR: The most specific meaning of DNR is when the heart stops beating, the medical team will not attempt to restart the heart. Once you have that decision made with the patient, then you move on to a discussion about whether the patient desires intubation, followed by a discussion about pressors and then painful procedures.

3. Pain management: Norco begins taking effect in 60 minutes and lasts 4 hours. So dosing is probably best Q4 hours. 2 norco=10mg Hydrocodone=10mg oral morphine= 3.3 mg of IV morphine. Starting weight based morphine dosing is 0.1mg/kg. Morphine is renally cleared. Hydromorphone and fentanyl are hepatic metabolized. Codeine is a waste of time. Codeine in most people is metabolized to morphine. However, not all people have the ability to metabolize codeine to morphine. Eastvold comment: There are also case reports of people who are hypermetabolizers of codeine and these patients can have respiratory arrest. So probably just don’t prescribe/order codeine. It has unpredictable effects.

4. Breaking bad news: SPIKES S=setting, P=perception (what are the family members’ or patient’s thoughts) I=invitation (ask the person if it is ok with them to break the bad news) K=knowledge (give the bad news, keep it short/easy to understand. You have to say the words died or dead) E=Emotions and Empathy (let the family express emotions and provide them empathy) S=Strategy and summary (end with informing them of next steps. Ask the person to repeat what they were told)

5. Constipation: Senna S is a good option because it has a stimulant and a softner. For more constipated patients give an osmotic agent like miralax. Opioid constipation can be treated with Senna S. Methylnaltrexone is a specific agent for opioid constipation as well. It does not cross the blood brain barrier. You have to get an x-ray first to make sure the patient is not obstructed. If there is an obstruction there is a risk of perforation with methylnaltrexone. Methylnaltrexone works within hours for patients with opioid related constipation to have a bowel movement.

6. Empathy Strategy: NURSE N=Name the emotion you are seeing. U=Understand Say I can’t imagine what you are going through. R=Respect the hard work that family members are doing to care for a family member. S=Support Say we will help you every step of the way. E=Explore what worries the person has.

7,8,9,10 We ran out of time.

Elise comment: How do you prognosticate for Alzheimer’s patients.

*7 Stages of Dementia

Conference Notes 10-22-2014

October 22, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Hemming/Urumov Oral Boards

Case 1. 30 yo female with leg pain and SOB. R24, T38.5, BP 135/80, P 107. O2 Sat 88%. On exam, patient has rales in right lung. History reveals patient has sickle cell disease. CXR shows right basilar infiltrate. CBC shows leukocytosis and HGB of 6.7. Diagnosis is acute chest syndrome. Critical actions: Opioid pain medication, PRBC transfusion, supplemental oxygen, antibiotic therapy, and hematology consult. You can also give bronchodilators. Caution with IV fluids to avoid pulmonary edema.

The acute chest syndrome (ACS) in sickle cell disease (SCD) can be defined as:

a new infiltrate on chest x-ray
associated with one or more NEW symptoms:
fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia.

Adam Bonder comment: Data in pediatric patients shows that early use of incentive spirometers can prevent some cases of acute chest syndrome.

Table 1- ETIOLOGIES OF THE ACUTE CHEST SYNDROME
Hemoglobin S related		Unrelated to Hb S
Direct consequences of Hb S	Indirect consequences of Hb S
pulmonary infarction - in situ sickling fat embolism syndrome hypoventilation secondary to rib/sternal bone infarction hypoventilation secondary to narcotic administration pulmonary edema induced by narcotics or fluid overload	Infections: bacterial viral fungal protozoan	fibrin thromboembolism foreign body/intrinsic bronchial obstruction opportunistic infection related to HIV-1 infection acute sarcoidosis other common pulmonary diseases (e.g., aspiration, trauma, asthma, etc.)

The major clinical problems lie (a) in distinguishing between infection and infarction and (b) in establishing the clinical significance of fat embolism.

Case2. 16 yo male presents with altered mental status after falling overboard into a lake. Lake water was frigid due to cold weather during late fall. BP 130/80, P52, R 12, Rectal Temp 33.1. ETOH level 160. CT head and CT Cspine are negative. Diagnosis: Environmental hypothermia. Critical actions: Airway assessment/management, Check Glucose, Active re-warming, evaluate for concomitant trauma. Admit near drowning victims who are symptomatic in any way (cough, altered mental status, dyspneic, abnormal breath sounds) or patients who have CXR or laboratory abnormalities. Asyptomatic patients can be discharged after a period of ED observation.

Definition of Drowning from Szpilman NEJM 2012:

According to the new definition adopted by the WHO in 2002, “Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.”13 The drowning process begins with respiratory impairment as the person’s airway goes below the surface of the liquid (submersion) or water splashes over the face (immersion). If the person is rescued at any time, the process of drowning is interrupted, which is termed a nonfatal drowning. If the person dies at any time as a result of drowning, this is termed a fatal drowning. Any submersion or immersion incident without evidence of respiratory impairment should be considered a water rescue and not a drowning. Terms such as “near drowning,” “dry or wet drowning,” “secondary drowning,” “active and passive drowning,” and “delayed onset of respiratory distress” should be avoided.1

*Evaluation Protocol for Drowning/Near Drowning Victim (Based on Mental status, lung sounds, and cough)Szpilman NEJM 2012

Case 3. 38yo male with left ankle injury while playing basketball. Vitals are normal. Thompson’s test shows no plantar flexion with calf compression. Diagnosis is Achilles tendon rupture . Critical actions: Thompson’s test, pain medication, orthopedic consultation, and splinting/non-weight bearing. Risk factors Achilles tendon rupture include floroquinolones, steroids, and prior Achilles tendon rupture.

*Thompson’s test

Elise comment: Always verbalize your thought process behind your decisions when taking the Boards. It helps the examiner assess your knowledge. The current thinking is that you need to be cautious with fluids in sickle cell patients. They all have right heart dysfunction and are prone to pulmonary edema. Be sure to ask for a hypothermia thermometer for hypothermic patients.

Harwood comment: You can actually sometime palpate a defect in the Achilles tendon when it is ruptured. Ultrasound also can identify Achilles tendon rupture. Hypothermic patients that are still shivering will usually survive. If patients cannot shiver, you need to actively rewarm them. Those who can’t shiver do have a risk of dying. If the patient is the equivalent of a slab of meat in the fridge and not moving or shivering, you need to actively re-warm them.

Urumov/Girzadas Resident Recruiting

Lambert Vascular Ultrasound

Use a linear probe to optimize your image of the vessel.

Keep the indicator on the probe to the operator’s left. AND The indicator on your screen should match the indicator in your hand. In general both should be on the left.

Most ultrasonographers use the transverse view to visualize vessel cannulation.

When piercing the skin with your needle, the needle entry point should be back from the probe the same distance as the vessel is from the probe on the screen. You basically are creating a right angle.

Needle insertion site----------------Probe location

> I

> Vessel

When the needle is on the vessel on your screen, you actually need to jab the needle into the vessel.

Peripheral veins in the upper arm are another good option for vascular access. Mike says any large vein in the upper arm will work. You need a longer than normal angiocath (5cm preferred) to get deep enough. We have the longer angiocaths in the charting room cabinet and in the inventory room.

Ultrasound is 95% sensitive and 98% specific when evaluating for extremity DVT.

Most lower extremity DVT’s are either in the femoral area (common femoral vein) or the popliteal area (popliteal vein). The clot is usually near joints (hip and knee).

You diagnose DVT by demonstrating non-compressibility of the imaged vessel. Full compression means no clot.

In the popliteal region, “Pop on Top”. Meaning, the popliteal vein is superficial to the popliteal artery.

Things in the popliteal region seen on ultrasound that can be confusing include Baker’s cysts (comma shaped) and lymph nodes (kidney appearance shape/texture)

*Baker’s Cyst

*Lymph node

Lambert/Wise/Team Ultrasound Vascular Ultrasound Workshop

Conference Notes 10-15-2014

October 16, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Carlson Study Guide Toxicology

Best treatment for TCA induced cardiac dysrhythmias is sodium bicarb. TCA’s are “dirty drugs”, meaning they have multiple mechanisms of action.

*TCA toxicity

You can differentiate sympathomimetic toxidrome vs anticholinergic toxidromes by checking for diaphoresis in the arm pits and hypertension. Both suggest sympathomimetic toxidrome. Urinary retention suggests anticholinergic toxidrome.

*Toxidromes

Lithium is renally excreted. Anything affecting the kidneys such as a diuretic or renal failure will increase lithium levels. As a memorable illustrationg, Andrea described a case of a patient who by drinking his own urine maintained a high lithium level while an inpatient.

Multidose activated charcoal is indicated for phenobarbital overdose.

Lorazepam and Midazolam have predictable IM absorption. Diazepam does not. Use lorazepam or midazolam if you need to treat a seizure and don’t have an IV.

Simplified Osmolal Gap Calculation= 2NA + BUN/3 + Glucose/20 + ETOH/5

Diphenhydramine toxicity looks a lot like and is treated similarly to TCA overdose.

Treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome includes bromocriptine, dantrolene, and benzodiazepines. Cyproheptadine is indicated for serotonin syndrome.

*NMS vs Serotonin Syndrome

There are no false positives for urine testing for cocaine. No other drugs will cause a false positive result.

For adequate urinary alkalinization, correction of hypokalemia is essential. With hypokalemia the kidney will not alkalinize the urine even when you give bicarb.

Lithium does not bind to activated charcoal.

Flumazenil can reverse sedation caused by ambien.

Methanol is metabolized to formic acid and ethylene glycol is metabolized to glycolic acid.

* Toxic Alcohol Metabolites

Naloxone’s duration of action is about an hour. Andrea suggests watching a heroin overdose patient for about 4 hours. She will let a heroin user sign out AMA after about an hour or so. You have to be very clear with a heroin user who is signing out that there is still some narcan in their body and using heroin in the next few hours is very dangerous. They potentially may use a higher dose of heroin in order to overcome the effects of the residual narcan and when the narcan clears, they could have a respiratory arrest.

Navarette DKA

Type 2 DM has a strong familial link. Halle Berry was diagnosed with type 2 dm. So it is not just overweight middle age adults that get type 2 DM.

2 large bore IV’s should be placed in the DKA patient. Ask the nurse to place an 18g catheter or larger.

DKA is a problem of too little insulin. There is also too much counter-regulatory hormones. Lowering the serum glucose level is not enough, these patients need adequate insulin dosing until their acidosis clears. IV fluids dilute the counter-regulatory hormones.

DKA and Hyperosmolar Coma have some overlap. The difference is a matter of degree not a fundamentally different pathophysiology. Hyperosmolar coma is less common, has a higher mortality, and has a greater degree of dehydration. Hyperosmolar coma patients have some minimal residual insulin production so they don’t get as ketotic or develop a significant gap.

*DKA vs Hyperosmolar Coma

Give IV fluids: In adults, 1 liter initial bolus is reasonable. Then give another liter over the next 2 hours. Cerebral edema is a risk but is more common in kids with severe acidemia than adults. You have to be a little bit cautious with fluids in adults and more cautious with fluids inin kids. It is best to follow a DKA protocol to not over-hydrate.

Diagnosis of cerebral edema includes 3 major criteria: altered mental status, bradycardia, incontinence. 3 minor criteria: vomiting, headache, and lethargy

Harwood and Girzadas comments: The higher risk patients for cerebral edema are kids with more severe acidosis. You have to be really careful with fluids in these patients. Use of a DKA protocol is important. Bicarb use is another risk factor and as bicarb has been taken out of DKA protocols the incidence of cerebral edema has gone down.

Hypokalemia is a big risk when managing DKA. You have to be very attentive to potassium changes.

Girzadas comment: There have been cases of patients dying from hypokalemia during treatment of DKA. You need to follow the DKA protocol carefully and need to be attentive to any downtrending of potassium levels.

DKA is a problem of lack of insulin. Start insulin drip at 0.1 u/kg/hr. No bolus of insulin is indicated. Do not stop insulin until HCO3 is >18, AG<12, or pH>7.3. Don’t stop the insulin drip for hypoglycemia if these other endpoints have not been reached. Treat hypoglycemia and slow but don’t stop insulin drip.

For anion gap calculations, use the measure sodium. Don’t use a sodium level corrected for hyperglycemia.

VBG is good enough to guide management. You don’t need an ABG.

Rapid-acting insulins are novolog and humulog. Patients use this for glucose control at meal times. Long acting insulin (lantus) should be on board as well around the clock for a basal level of insulin control.

Insulin pumps are tailored to each specific patient. It allows very tight management of blood sugar. Interestingly, patients on pumps tend to go into DKA more frequently than non-pump patients. This is because if the pump fails for some reason, the patient has no insulin on board at all. Patients using shots have lantus insulin on board that will keep sugar down somewhat. Pump patients don’t have any lantus or other long-acting insulin on board.

Glucagon does not work for intoxicated hypoglycemic patients. The liver is metabolizing alcohol and can’t convert glucagon to glucose. You have to give IV glucose to correct hypoglycemia in hypoglycemic patients with an elevated blood alcohol level.

Gore ACEP CPC Case Presentation

Have to keep the case a secret until ACEP. Please go the CPC National Finals at ACEP Monday morning 10-27-2014 to see Kasia Gore win it!

Cirone ACEP Research Presentation

Mike Cirone is presenting Tuesday morning 10-28-2014 at ACEP in the Infectious Disease section. Please attend his presentation if you are attending ACEP.

Retrospective study evaluating urine culture results from ED and Urgent Care settings. Ecoli was #1 identified pathogen and klebsiella was #2. In ED patients, Ecoli was most susceptible to macrobid and Keflex. Cipro and Bactrim functioned below the 80% susceptibility level. In the urgent care settings, the antibiotic resistance levels were less than in the ED and all 4 antibiotics (macrobid, Keflex, cipro, and Bactrim) worked above the 80% effectiveness rate. The usual antibiogram you see from your institution combine sensitivities from all body fluid sources (blood, sputum, urine, pus). If you can break them out you get different sensititivities for different body fluid sources.

Purnell ACEP Research Presentation

Lindsay Purnell is presenting at ACEP as well. Please refer to the ACEP Meeting info for her time of presentation.

Prospective study evaluating two patient assignment models in the ED. We compared a geographic model (each physician covers a specific group of beds in the ED) vs a rotational assignment model (patients are assigned to physicians according to a rotation system). Time to first provider and time to disposition were actually better in the geographic model. Length of stay, time to nurse, and time to bed showed no significant difference between the groups.

Htet ACEP Research Presentation

Natalie Htet is presenting on Tuesday 10-27-14 at ACEP between 1:30p and 3p.

A Prospective multi-center observational study of ultrasound for management of pediatric soft tissue infections was described. The data collection is currently ongoing. It is hoped that ultrasound at the point of care will improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing soft tissue infections (abscesses vs. cellulitis).

Jeziorkowski Anal/Rectal Emergencies

Hidradenitis: A keratin plug blocks a hair follicle. Bacteria multiply in the apocrine sweat gland. The gland ruptures and spreads bacteria. Cause is unknown. Treat with topical clindamycin or oral doxycycline. Incision and drainage can relieve pain and swelling but does not alter the course of the disease.

Perirectal abscess: There is a spectrum of severity. Perianal abscess is the least severe/most common and can be drained in the ED. Next is the ischiorectal abscess located laterally to the anus and medial to buttock. These require OR drainage. Interphincteric abscess has no external signs and require OR drainage. Supralevator abscesses will have severe perianal pain, fever , and possibly urinary retention. These also need to be drained in the OR. Finally is the horseshoe abscess that is the least common and requires OR drainage.

Give antibiotics for all types of these abscesses if the patient has any immunocompromise.

*Perirectal abscess types

Rectal prolapse: Sedate and reduce. If you can’t reduce, consult surgery.

Anal fissure: Treat with sitz baths, increase fiber in diet, wash frequently. Most anal fissures are in posterior midline. If you see it away from the posterior midline in a child think inflammatory bowel disease. If you see a fissure in an adult out side the posterior midline, think crohn’s, TB, or syphillis.

Hemorrhoids: If the hemorrhoid is thrombosed, it will be painful. If present more than 48 hours consider conservative management with sitz baths, bulk laxatives and pain relief. Pain most commonly will be improving after that time frame. If the thrombosed hemorrhoid is present less than 48 hours then excision of the clot is most likely indicated.

Harwood comment: If you have a thrombosed external hemorrhoid they won’t bleed much after making an elliptical incsion. I pull up the skin overlying the hemorrhoid and cut a piece of skin with scissors to create an elliptical incision. Girzadas comment: This is a great ED case. You can give patients a lot of pain relief and you get the satisfaction of removing a discrete clot. It is a procedure that is better than draining an abscess. You have to be careful that you are truly cutting into a thrombosed hemorrhoid. Look for a purple hue under the skin and you can feel a firm clot with your finger tips.

*Thrombosed Hemorrhoid

Rectal FB: Can be difficult to manage. Most faculty present recommended consulting surgery or GI for anything beyond a small object that is not that far in the rectum. There is a risk of perforation in these cases.

Kmetuk Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies

Epiglotitis: Treat with racemic epi, antibiotics (Ceftriazone), mobilize anesthesia and ENT to provide airway management in the OR. If you have to attempt intubation, use a tube one size smaller than recommended by broslow or other sizing tools. Girzadas comment: If you have an airway disaster it is thought that you can bag-valve-mask ventilate the patient with epiglottitis. This can buy you some time. If you can’t intubate, attempt needle cricothyrotomy.

Best modality to diagnose retropharyngeal abscess is CT with IV contrast. Treat with IV unasyn or clindamycin. Consult ENT for possible surgical management.

Croup: Treat with decadron po and consider racemic epi. Admit for persistent stridor, need for multiple doses of racemic epinephrine, respiratory distress, or hypoxia.

Bacterial tracheitis: Initially the clinical picture looks like croup but kids rapidly deteriorate and become toxic. Treat with ceftriazone, plus clindamycin or vancomycin. Most kids need intubation.

Bronchiolitis: Treatment options include: O2 if needed, suctioning, albuterol, racemic epinepherine, 3% hypertonic saline nebs, and consider bipap or intubation for severe cases.

Admission criteria include 02 sat less than 95%, premie who is less than 6 months, any child less than 12 weeks of age, apnea, tachypnea more than 60, unable to feed due to respiratory effort. Other factors that may increase the risk of admission are presentation with less than 5 days of symptoms and heart rate above 160.

John Paik referred reference: Administration of nebulized 3% saline in the emergency department did not result in a statistically significant decrease in the rate of admission for infants presenting with acute bronchiolitis, though there was a trend towards decreased admissions in both outpatient studies. However, in the studies examining inpatients, infants in the treatment arms had an average decrease in hospital stay of approximately 1 day, with no adverse reactions or harms recorded. Subjects receiving 3% saline were also noted to have improved clinical severity scores, especially on the first day of admission, when compared to the groups receiving 0.9% saline.

Pertussis can be treated with azithromycin, erythromycin, or Bactrim. Similar admit criteria to bronchiolitis.

Airway FB: 75% of airway FB’s are radiolucent. Inspiratory and expiratory films can be helpful to identify whether a FB is present. With a mainstem bronchus FB there will be air trapping on that side with expiration.

*Inspiratory/Expiratory CXR. Air trapping in the left hemithorax on expiratory film

Christine Kulstad comment: The pneumonia protocol for kids older than 90 days at ACMC is Ceftriazone and Azithromycin for inpatients and Augmentin or Azithromycin for outpatients. Girzadas comment: Up to Date says admit all kids with pneumonia under 6 months. After six months, if you decide to treat as an outpatient your options are amoxicillin, augmentin, cefdinir, or azithromycin.

For severe asthma consider terbutaline, aminophilin, ketamine, heliox, and bipap in addition to aggressive albuterol and steroids.

Criteria for PICU admission: severe asthma, continuous albuterol for 3 hours, continuous supplemental O2 >40% FIO2, and any child who is tiring out.

Girzadas PPE for Patients with suspected Ebola

#1 Message: Screen all patients presenting with fever, headache, or GI symptoms for recent travel to a high risk West African country(Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea)

and for any contact with someone who has travelled to one of those countries. If you get a yes to either of those questions immediately isolate the patient. Immediately notify the CDC. They will send a team to the hospital within 6 hours. Don PPE before initiating any further evaluation or treatment for the patient. Limit the number of healthcare workers coming in contact with the patient.

*CDC Screening Protocol

Precautions for healthcare workers caring for patients with suspected ebola infections require protection against contact and droplet exposure. Ebola is not thought to be airborne or aerosolized. Intubation/bipap/mechanical ventilation may have risks of aerosolization of the virus.

Patients who are ill with Ebola have extremely high levels of viremia in comparison to patients with HIV or hepatitis. This explains the infectivity of body fluids from patients sick with Ebola.

#2 Message: Meticulous donning and doffing of PPE is critical to avoiding healthcare worker exposure to the Ebola virus. This has to be a 2 person process that follows a check list every time.

The process of donning and doffing PPE was demonstrated by our advanced practice nurses. They are posting a video on the Advocate Website.

Conference Notes 10-8-2014

October 8, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Cash/Williamson Oral Boards

Case 1. 45yo Male with fever, 105/80, P=123. PMH of DM. Patient is poorly compliant with his insulin. Careful exam shows cellulitis in the genital area. Labs show marked hyperglycemia/DKA. X-ray of pelvis shows subQ air. Critical actions: Emergent surgical consultation, broad spectrum IV antibiotics (Vanc/Zosyn/Flagyl or Clindamycin), IV insulin.

*SubQ air associated with Fournier’s gangrene

Case 2. 2yo female with vomiting and decreased level of consciousness. BP=40. P=180, T=37.5. Baby sitter noted that child had ingested some pills. Patient was vomiting and required intubation to protect airway. Big clue was that mom was pregnant. Efforts at contacting the patient’s mom revealed that she was taking iron supplements. Serum iron level was markedly elevated. Critical actions: Intubation, IV fluids in 20mg/kg boluses, diagnose iron toxicity, check blood glucose level, give deferoxamine. Consider whole bowel irrigation if iron tablets are seen on abdominal imaging. Toxicity is based on the quantity of elemental iron ingested. 325mg of ferrous sulfate=65mg of elemental iron. 50mg/KG or greater ingestions of elemental iron are more likely to cause serious symptoms.

Case 3. 38 yo male fell and injured his right arm. Vital signs are normal. Patient has gross deformity of right forearm. There is an associated laceration of the right forearm. Xray shows galeazzi fracture.

*Galeazzi Fracture (fracture of the distal third of the radius with with associated distal radio-ulnar dislocation)

Critical actions: IV antibiotics for open fracture, urgent orthopedic consultation for washout of open fracture and ORIF .

Board Pearls: Be cautious with how you order fluids for kids. You can’t just say hang a liter of fluid for a 2 yo child. Frequent re-assessment of the patient helps you work through the case and helps you keep the patient updated.

Clinical Pearls: Open fractures should get IV pain medication. Be cautious with any laceration or puncture wound associated with a fracture. You should assume it is an open fracture initially. Fournier’s gangrene mandates rapid surgical debridement. Serum Iron level great than 500 portends serious system toxicity.

Faculty Discussion: Elise comments: Be prepared for the boards and future practice to manage DKA without a protocol. Many places don’t have protocols like our DKA protocol. Be able to say/discuss the key parts of patient management protocols like the DKA protocol or the Sepsis protocol. That way you know it if you practice in another ED and you are able to discuss the management when taking oral boards. There is no need for an insulin bolus when managing DKA. Do an airway assessment first in any unstable patient. Get an EKG right away in any unstable patient. The history that mom is pregnant was a clue that the ingestion was iron. Use every asset to identify the toxin on an oral boards case. Send police to the house if necessary. Everything the examiner says is a clue to the case. Be very specific and direct with consultants when taking the boards. Girzadas comment: Remember two numbers for iron poisoning: (50/500) 50mg/kg ingestions can cause serious toxicity. Serum iron level of 500 is a marker for serious systemic toxicity. You have to get a serum iron level within 4-6 hours after ingestion unless it is slow release. After 8 hours the serum iron level can be deceivingly low.

Negro Morbidity & Mortality

58yo male with HX of CABG, previous repair OF A Type A aortic dissection, aortic valve replacement. Patient is on Coumadin. Patient had presenting complaint of chest pain and sob. Patient is ill appearing. Pulses equal in all extremities. Lungs are clear. Abdomen is benign. Neurologic exam is normal.

EKG showed no acute ST changes.

CTA chest was unremarkable.

TROP and BNP was normal. INR was 1.1.

Confirmation Bias: Tendency to search for and prioritize information that confirms one’s hypothesis or belief. Bret felt he was drawn into confirmation bias based on his concerns about chest pain in the setting of CAD and previous Aortic dissection. Consequently he proceeded with a chest pain work up.

Anchor Bias: You are influenced by the first clue you identify. Bret gave each audience member 1 of two long multiplication problems (see below) and allowed 5 seconds to solve the problem.

1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8

8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1

People who did the first problem estimated on average the answer to be around 250

People who did the second problem estimated on average around 2,250

The actual answer to both problems is 40,320.

It demonstrates the concept that we anchor to the first clue we get.

The chest pain work up that Bret initially anchored on came up with no diagnosis, and the patient was still ill-appearing. Bret goes back to re-evaluate the patient and revise his work up plan. He now identifies that the patient’s primary concern is a severe headache. The ED team proceeds to get a CTA of the head and start BP control.

CTA showed 7mm ACA aneurysm with a grade 1 SAH.

Patient was taken for a craniotomy the next morning.

Mortality for SAH approaches 50%. Survivors have substantial neuro-cognitive disability. Missed diagnosis results in a 4-fold mortality increase at one year.

Important clinical clues include: headache with exertion, headache with actions that increase BP (cough/sneeze/straining), thunderclap headache, family HX of aneurysm or SAH. Smoking is a risk factor.

Harwood comment: The lab evaluation for xanthochromia is just a lab tech holding up the CSF in front of a white sheet of paper. They are looking for a yellow tinge to the CSF. In Europe, labs use spectrophotometry to determine if there is xanthochromia. Spectrophotometry is not the standard for identifying xanthochromia in the US.

*xanthochromia on the right

Harwood and Girzadas comments: The diagnostic approach of prioritizing a chest pain work up in a patient with HX of CAD and Aortic dissection is not unreasonable. The ED course was very appropriate. You went back and re-evaluated the patient when the work up was not fruitful and adjusted your diagnostic plan to evaluate the patient’s headache.

Bonder ICU Boarders Project

Unfortunately I missed most of this excellent presentation.

Drs. Bonder/Burt/Iannitelli have worked for months to develop a protocol to better manage ICU patients boarding in the ED. This protocol includes collaboration with our ICU colleagues, ED and ICU nursing staffs and technological support from EICU.

Drs. Bonder/Burt/Iannitelli were awarded the EMRA “Be the Change Grant” for their work.

Ophthalmology Lab

Conference Notes 10-1-2014

October 1, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Balogun/Tekwani Oral Boards

Case 1. 33yo Female with left side abdominal pain, HR=101, BP=94/64. Afebrile. History reveals patient has addison’s disease and is on prednisone chronically. Pt’s pregnancy test is negative. CT abdomen shows diverticulitis with abscess and fistula. Critical actions: IV fluids, IV antibiotics, patient also requires IV steroids, and surgical consult. Recommended doses of steroids are dexamethasone 4mg IV or hydrocortisone 100mg IV.

Case 2. 38yo male with severe knee pain and swelling while playing basketball. Normal vitals. On exam patient has knee swelling and patella is in a more superior position than normal. Diagnosis is patellar tendon rupture. Critical actions: Identify on exam that patient cannot extend knee against gravity. Orthopedic consultation for surgery within about 10 days. Risk factors for patellar tendon rupture are steroid injections, SLE, DM, ESRD, and rheumatoid arthritis.

*Patellar Tendon Rupture

Case 3. 72yo male with dizziness and SOB. Pt is bradycardic. History of HTN, and CABG. Patient has CKD and is on multiple cardiac meds. CXR shows cardiomegaly and post-CABG mediastinum. Some mild CHF findings in lungs. Patient continues to deteriorate with increasing bradycardia. Critical actions: Cardiac Pacing, ACLS says you can try atropine before pacing. When transvenous pacing, you know you are in the right place when you see an injury pattern on the monitor.

*Injury pattern when pacing

Elise comment: Know the ACLS algorithms down cold for Oral Boards and for clinical medicine. It has to be a reflex.

Harwood comment: If the patient cannot extend the knee they have either a quadriceps tendon rupture, patellar tendon rupture, or a patellar fracture. In patellar tendon ruptures the patella will be high riding compared to the unaffected side.

Joan Coghlan comment: On the boards, always ask for a rhythm strip. It will help you focus on the rhythm and help you find a rhythm problem.

There was a robust discussion among the faculty about the timing of pacing vs. looking for underlying causes of the patient’s bradycardia. Some faculty felt the patient should be paced before any other diagnostic strategies. Some faculty felt that considering medications as the cause for this patient’s bradycardia and trying some medications like atropine, glucagon, or calcium to counteract possible effects of beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker showed good clinical logic.

Girzadas Study Guide Neuro

• Which patient can get TPA at 3-4.5 hours?

• a. 82 male with DM
• b. 72 female on warfarin INR=1.7
• C. NIHSS 27
• D. 75 male with CABG
• E. 65 male with previous mild CVA and DM

Answer is D. Contraindications to TPA after 3 hours include age 80 and above, any anticoagulation even sub therapeutic, severe stroke (>25 NIHSS), and a combo of previous CVA and DM.

• 2. ER docs historically under-diagnose delirium. Here is a short mental status evaluation that correlates with more detailed mental status exams:
• Year Month Time
• John Brown 42 Market Street New York (Remember this line)
• Count backwards: 20>>>>>1
• Say months backward: Dec>>>>Jan
• John Brown 42 Market Street New York (Ask patient to repeat this line)

Probably if you wanted to do just one thing to screen for delirium, ask the patient to say the months backward. That should have a high sensitivity to identify cognitive dysfunction.

3. IV Drug user in California presents with: Weakness of eyelids and extraoccular movement, difficulty with swallowing and with speech. Pupillary light reflex is diminished/absent. Extremity reflexes still intact. Think of botulism. Botulism has been seen in the west with heroin users recently. These patients require anti-toxin to shorten the course of illness and lessen the need for ventilator support.

*Botulism facial picture

4. Most likely cause of meningitis in an adult: Gram positive cocci in chains. Strep pneumo (60-70%).

* #3 on the slide is strep pneumo

*Gram Positive and Negative

Strep pneumo, N. meningitides, H. flu are all encapsulated bacteria and can invade upper the airway, survive hematogenous spread and get into the subarachnoid space.

Wallenberg Syndrome/Lateral Medullary Syndrome

• PICA/Vertebral artery occlusion
• Vertigo +
• Horner’s
• Facial numbness
• Dysphagia/Dysarthria
• Contralat loss of pain/temp sensation

Crucial Conversations Workshop

Iannitelli Dental Emergencies

With Ellis 2 & 3 fractures, Protect the pulp with a calcium hydroxide cover to give patient time to see the dentist. Chastain comment: To get calcium hydroxide to stick, the tooth has to be very dry. Dry gauze or blow-by oxygen can dry the tooth. Elise comment: You don’t need to go nuts trying to put a calcium hydroxide cover on these teeth. Arranging prompt follow up with a dentist or oral surgeon is most important.

*Ellis Classification

2. Re-implant an avulsed tooth as soon as possible (within 60min). Handle tooth by the crown. Rinse with saline. Acceptable transport mediums for an avulsed tooth: Hank’s solution, Sterile saline, milk, and saliva. Don’t re-implant primary teeth. They have the potential to fuse to the secondary tooth. You have to reassure the parents that re-implanting the tooth is not recommended and can harm the permanent tooth. Give antibiotics and update Tdap as needed for patients with avbulsed teeth. UIC Dental Clinic is available by appointment. Patient has to call between 8a and 9a to make an appointment for the next day in the urgent care clinic (312.996.8636). They accept Medicaid but the patient will also have to pay $50-100.

Ludwig’s angina is a cellulitis of the floor of the mouth. Usually due to an infected tooth. Airway management is the main priority, consult ENT and be ready to perform a cricothyrotomy. IV antibiotics need to be given (Unasyn or clindamycin give adequate anaerobe coverage). Chastain comment: In my experiences with ludwig’s, ENT wanted “heroic doses” of decadron. Surgical drainage may be required.

*Ludwig’s angina

4. Retropharyngeal abscess is more common in kids. It is a collection of pus in the potential space from the skull to the tracheal bifurcation. It usually originates from an infected lymph node. Christine Kulstad comment: not every kid needs to go to surgery. If the abscess is small they can be treated with IV antibiotics. Sam Lam comment: Adults don’t usually have the lymphoid tissue in the throat to serve as a nidus to initiate a retropharyngeal abscess.

*Retropharyngeal abscess (extreme example to make the point)

5. Acute epiglottitis has a higher level of mortality in adults than in kids because doctors are less aggressive with this disorder in adults than kids. Attendings discussed that we generally have the understanding that adults don’t obstruct their airway with epiglotitis and are at low risk for death. We all thought that maybe we need to take this disease process more seriously. Williamson comment: If any patient looks a little toxic and their pharynx doesn’t look that bad, you gotta start thinking about epiglottitis and retropharyngeal abscess. Treat with IV antibiotics and urgently consult ENT. If airway is at risk consult both ENT and anesthesia. Patients with this diagnosis need to be observed in an ICU.

Neal Lyons Therapeutic Hypothermia

1. The best goal temperature for post-cardiac arrest hypothermia is not known at this time.

2. The optimal timing of initiation and rate of cooling is not known.

3. ACMC protocol: Indicated for patients18yo or older, patients need ROSC with persistent coma, systolic BP that can be maintained at or above 90, hypothermia initiated within 6 hours of resuscitation. Goal temp is 33 degrees centigrade within 3 hours. All patients should receive Tylenol, buspirone, fentanyl to prevent shivering. If shivering still occurs, patients then get magnesium and meperidine. Patients are kept at 33 degrees for 24 hours. After that, patients are kept at 36.5 degrees for an indefinite time period.

4. There is recent data that keeping patients at 36 degrees has a similar outcome as 33 degrees. Kelly comment: You have to be super vigilant if you are keeping patients at 36 degrees to make sure they don’t get above 37 degrees. Elise comment the optimal temperature is still being worked out in research studies.

5. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only proven therapy to lower mortality and improve neurologic function after resuscitation of cardiac arrest. Two studies show a survival rate of about 50%.

Conference Notes 9-24-2014

September 24, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

A BIG THANK YOU to Sean Motzny and all the Firefighters at the Bedford Park Fire Station for an outstanding HAZMAT Learning Event!

Conference Notes 9-17-2014

September 17, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

During conference, we had a visiting Trauma Surgeon analyze the Kennedy assassination. We also had a visiting EM Physican/Attorney discuss medical malpractice and put on a mock deposition with Ted Toerne.

Crandall (Visiting Professor) Trauma Lecture: Analysis of Kennedy Assassination

1. In 1963 there were Trauma Centers in existence. However, there were no Trauma Systems yet developed.

2. When Kennedy arrived at Parkland, his airway was not intact, he had agonal respirations. Kennedy was immediately intubated. However, Kennedy had an open low zone 2 neck wound and air was seen to be bubbling from neck wound. So the ET tube was pulled out and a tracheotomy was performed. This was a controversial decision because the intubating physician felt he had secured the airway. The tracheotomy was performed over the neck bullet hole. Placing a tracheostomy into a pre-existing bullet hole is considered generally suboptimal and this was one factor that fueled conspiracy theories.

3. Bilateral Chest tubes were placed with no return.

4. Kennedy had no palpable pulses on arrival and bilateral cut downs were placed. CPR was ongoing.

5. Kennedy never moved spontaneously in the ED.

6. Autopsy pictures were presented that showed a hole in Kennedy’s head and his neck.

7. Lee Harvey Oswald bought the rifle for $19.95 on mail order.

8. Kennedy’s head was never shaved nor scalp peeled back. Strangely Kennedy’s brain was lost or not saved. This fact also fueled conspiracy theories.

9. There were 2 autopsies performed on Kennedy. The navy pathologist who performed the second autopsy was not a forensic pathologist and he burned his notes. These facts also fueled conspiracy theories.

10. Modern reviews of the autopsy report and of the film of the shooting pretty conclusively support a single shooter theory.

Sullivan (visiting professor) Malpractice Primer

1. Report to the National Practitioner Data Bank is made if a payment is made on behalf of a physician in a malpractice suit. If you have too many data bank hits it may limit you ability to get a job or get credentialed.

2. The number of malpractice cases is going down but the dollar amount of payments are going up.

3. Pediatric cases have the highest average payouts due to high economic costs of a bad outcome in a child.

4. The cook county average verdict is $3 million. 30% of trials resulted in plaintiffs winning. Both nubers are higher than in other areas in the country.

5. The number of state licensing actions is steadily increasing across the country.

6. Patients sue physicians based on intense emotions, poor communication by the physicians, and inadequate explanations by the physicians. Patients want to prevent future similar occurrences, find out what happened, gain financial compensation, and hold the physician responsible.

7. Patients sue physicians based on a bad outcome and bad feelings toward the physician. They feel angry. They may feel their feelings were ignored. Doctors exacerbate the situation by weak documentation of care and inadequate patient education.

8. Actions that may prevent litigation: explanation and apology, correction of the mistake, paying compensation, admission of negligence, and honesty.

9. 80% of malpractice claims are attributed to communication problems. People won’t remember your medical knowledge, but they will remember how you made them feel.

10. Legal requirements of malpractice: Duty (responsibility to the patient), Breach of Duty (didn’t uphold the standard of care), Causation (the act caused the injury and the temporal relationship fits), Damages.

11. Depositions are the most critical part of a malpractice suit. For an attorney it is an important way of uncovering information. The attorney attempts to lock you into a single set of facts. If you go to trial, you gotta know your deposition testimony cold. You gotta stick to what you said in the deposition to show the jury you are reliable and consistent.

12. When you testify at the deposition or in court you don’t want to come off as arrogant, or slick or shady or angry. Juries award larger verdicts against docs they don’t like.

13. As much as possible do not give specific answers to general questions. If they ask you if the standard of care requires something. Your answer should be “it depends on the situation”

14. Metadata is the computer trail of your documentation. It can track all your cuts and pastes, your edits, all changes made and the times they were made. It will track if your doing twenty charts 4 days after a shift. So be aware of this and it implications as you chart. Plaintiff’s attorneys commonly subpoena metadata from a physician’s charting.

15. Never alter medical records at a later date/after a lawsuit has been filed to hide a fact or protect yourself. You can loose your license, you can face criminal charges, and you might not be covered by your malpractice insurance.

Sullivan/Toerne Mock Deposition

The goal of the plaintiff’s attorney is to gain information and make the doctor appear stupid or incompetent.
As much as possible, answer general questions with, “It depends on the situation.” Example question: Doctor what tests should be ordered for a patient who presents to the ED with chest pain? Answer: It depends on the clinical situation.
Answer the questions as minimally as possible. 1-2 sentences max for each answer. Don’t answer questions directly with a yes/no response. Try to somewhat indirect if possible. Your goal is to try to not be pigeon-holed for your testimony if the case goes to trial. Don’t be too evasive though. It could potentially hurt you also.
Elise comment: Never ask a question back to the lawyer.
Ted and Elise comments: The only thing you can control is the pace of the deposition. You need to think very carefully and slowly before answering any question. Sullivan comment: The lawyers will try to badger you so you don’t have time to think.
Documentation inconsistencies in the chart are killers. They make the doctor look bad. Be careful that your templates don’t have information that is incorrect for a patient. Example: On ROS patient denies headache however, patient is aphasic.

Toerne Lessons from Deposition Training

1. Depositions are an artificial environment where the attorney gets to interrogate you. This is not the setting of a normal conversation. You should never feel comfortable. Keep your guard up at all times. Elise comment: It is amazing how much medical knowledge malpractice attorneys have. You likely won’t be able to outmaneuver them with your medical knowledge.

2. Behave and dress for a deposition as if you are interviewing for a job.

3. Attorneys are fighting for money, they are not interested in finding out the truth.

4. The attorney will work to get you to say what he wants you to say. You are a lamb for his slaughter. Don’t get into the trap of trying to explain things to the attorney.

5. Ask the attorney to break down complex questions into a simpler/shorter/clearer form.

6. Elise comment: Avoid answering yes or no if possible. You can say, this is not a simple yes or no question. Ted comment: You can say,” The most honest answer to this question requires an explanation. “ You can give some other indirect answer. If you do have to answer yes or no to a question, don’t elaborate further.

7. Wait 5 seconds before responding to the question. Repeat the question in your head. Analyze the question, formulate your whole answer, then speak slowly and deliberately.

8. Don’t speculate. Say, “That would be pure speculation.”

9. Take a break if you feel fatigued, you need to go to the bathroom, or for any reason you want to.

10. Most answers should be no more than 1-2 sentences.

11. If you can’t recall something, say “I have no independent recollection.” Refer to your documentation in the chart.

12. If the attorney hands you a document, put it aside and listen carefully to the question. The document is meant as a distraction to the line of questioning.

13. During a deposition, never argue, speculate, engage in hypotheticals, or respond to an off-hand comment.

14. Be well-prepared for the deposition. Review the ED chart and know it well. Consider reading up on the topic. This however is controversial. Some lawyers recommend not reading up on topics related to the case. You may have to give a record during the deposition and trial of the references you reviewed.

Conference Notes 9-10-2014

September 10, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Experimenting with new format today. About 5 take home points for each lecture

Burns (visiting professor) Transfusion Safety

1. In general, Less is More when you are considering transfusions. U.S. physicians transfuse more blood products than European and Canadian physicians due to individual practice variation being greater in the U.S. Recent studies have shown that increasing # of units transfused of any blood product correlates directly with increased mortality, length of stay and wound complications even when controlled for patients’ severity of illness.

2. Patient outcomes are better with a transfusion threshold of HGB=7 rather than 8 or 10 unless a patient is having ACS. Harwood comment: Is 8 really better than 7 for ACS? Dr. Burns: Yes there is data that the mortality is less for ACS at a transfusion trigger of HGB=8 rather than 7. When you do transfuse, only transfuse a single unit and then re-assess before deciding to give a second unit.

3. Transfusion trigger for normotensive upper GI bleeds is HGB=7. The study that this recommendation is based on stipulated that EGD would be performed within 6 hours. Girzadas comment: If you are seeing a patient at night and EGD won’t happen for several hours should you make the trigger 8? Dr. Burns: This is a clinical decision. I may make sense to transfuse at 8 if EGD won’t be available for several hours.

4. Think of a blood transfusion as a liquid transplant. Stored blood cells become more sticky and inflexible. Stored blood acts as a nitric oxide scavenger that causes vasoconstriction. Dr. burns showed arterioles in a patient that received transfused blood and you could see the vasoconstriction. Stored blood is also pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic. It is unknown how long blood can be stored before these types of changes progress to the point of affecting patient outcome.

5. TRALI (transfusion associated acute lung injury) is the #1 cause of transfusion related death. TACO (tranfsuion related circulatory overload) is #2 and likely to soon overtake TRALI. Physicians frequently volume overload patients with blood transfusions.

*TRALI

* General Transfusion Guidelines

Permar STEMI Conference

Thanks to Dr. Trale Permar for sharing his EKG slides!

1. Prinzmetal’s angina is due to focal coronary vasospasm. EKG can show ST segment elevation. It is not associated with coronary artery plaques. It can cause arrhythmias. Occurs predominantly in younger women smokers. Associated with other vasospastic diseases such as Raynaud’s and migraines.

*Prinzmetal’s EKG with ST elevation in AVL

2. Myocarditis can be due to bacterial, viral, autoimmune or medication causes. Clinical picture can present like a STEMI with ST changes and elevated troponin. It can also look like acute decompensated heart failure. Cardiac biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis. Paul Silverman said they don’t routinely due biopsy because it has not been shown to improve outcome. MRI can be useful to diagnose myocarditis. Rule of thumb: You diagnose peri-myocarditis at your peril. If it looks like a STEMI, treat it like a STEMI and take patient to the cath lab.

3. Patient with severe anemia had a globally ischemic EKG. ABG is the best test in our ED to rapidly get a HGB. The treatment is PRBC transfusion. Paul Silverman said he would not take a severely anemic patient to the cath lab. The need for blood and resuscitation takes patient out of the mandate for a 90 minute door to needle time. You have time in these patients to resuscitate them. Harwood comment: This patient did not have a STEMI. She has global ischemia due to anemia. She needs PRBC replacement.

*Global Ischemia due to anemia EKG

4. STEMI and RBBB: Any ST elevation in RBBB is always abnormal. The key is where the ST segment starts. It has to be at least 3 small boxes out from the start of the QRS (120ms).

*RBBB & STEMI (inferior ST elevation)

5. Tall T wave in V1 > V6 is a early indicator of ischemia.

*Tall T wave in v1

6. AVR ST elevation with diffuse ST depression is an indication for Cath Lab was the consensus of the cardiologists present. It is an indication of multi-vessel disease.

*AVR ST Elevation with lateral ST depression

7. There is no longer a strong indication to give 600mg of Plavix in the ED for acute STEMI's. The cardiologists can give brylenta in the cath lab instead. This lowers the risk of bleeding for patients who end up going to CABG. This is cardiologist dependent so speak with them about their preference.

Febbo/Harwood Oral Boards

Case 1. Weakness after large meal including some alcohol. Diagnosis was hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Patient developed V-Tach while in the ED. Critical actions: Give beta-blocker, give KCL, and synchronized cardioversion for the V-Tach. Teaching points: This disease is due to a mutation in potassium channels (channelopathy). EKG in this case showed U waves due to hypokalemia. Asian patients are most common. 95% are males. Associated with exercise, carbohydrate load, etoh, and stress. Episodes last on average about 13 hours. You have to be cautious on how much potassium you give, because patients can have a rebound hyperkalemia. Probably give 40meq. Give propranolol in 1 mg doses.

*Hypokalemic and hyperkalemia EKG changes. U wave becomes more prominent with worsening hypokalemia

Case 2. 14yo female with blurry vision. Normal Vitals. Patient also has headache. Physical exam showed papilledema. LP demonstrated an opening pressure of 280mm H2O. Diagnosis is idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Critical actions: CT scan of head followed by LP to check opening pressure. Teaching points: Most commonly identified in obese females. It can cause blindness. Look for other papilledema causes. Visual fields have to be checked because that is the earliest eye finding. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension can be related to oral contraceptives, vitamin A, and steroids. Patients can report hearing intracranial noises or pulsatile tinnitus. Opening pressure has to be checked with the patient laying on their side. Diamox is the initial treatment. Surgical treatment includes stenting of the venous sinus, optic nerve sheath fenestration, or a CSF shunt.

Case 3. 50yo male with 2 days of wrist pain. No history of trauma. Xrays are negative. Joint aspiration performed. Synovial fluid shows gout. Critical actions: wrist xray, pain management, and arthrocentesis. Teaching points: Gout cocktail= hi dose ibuprofen 800 QID, single dose of po colchicine 0.6 mg, 10 mg of po decadron, and norco. This cocktail is advocated by Jim Roberts of Roberts & Hedges fame.

*Uric acid crystal

*Calcium pyrophosphate crystal

Htet Trauma Lecture Facial Trauma

50yo Female with facial injuries due to MVC. Pt had multiple facial fractures.

1. Airway is at risk due to airway edema, loss of mandibular or facial bone support, aspiration, avulsed teeth, and bleeding.

2. Endotracheal intubation preferred over nasotracheal intubation. Best approach is video laryngoscopy unless bleeding severely obstructs video view. If so, attempt direct laryngoscopy. You can use intubating LMA as a bridge device. Surgical cricothyrotomy is your go-to rescue technique if intubation is impossible. If you have time fiberoptic intubation may be an option. All faculty present felt that retrograde intubation techniques were “relegated to the dust bin of history”

3. Manual in-line stabilization is superior to a c-collar in minimizing movement of c-spine and giving optimal view of the airway during intubation.

*Manual in-line stabilization C and D

4. CT head is 90% sensitive for picking up facial fractures. Panorex can pick up alveolar ridge and mandibular fractures that CT max-face can miss.

5. Fractures that require admission: Nasoethmoid, zygomatic arch, Lefort, and Tripod fractures.

*Nasoethmoid fractures

*LeFort Fractures

6. Dr. Omi comments: Defining/diagnosing facial fractures is not clinically important initially. Manage the airway first! Identify and manage other life threatening injuries next. After all that you can start to work up facial fractures.

Paik Safety Lecture

2 Psychiatric patients: 1 escaped from ED, the other was suicidal and was in her room for a prolonged period of time with no sitter.

1. There are 30,000 suicides per year and 5% occur in hospitals. At least 50% of the suicides that occur in hospitals result in a lawsuit. These are high-risk patients.

2. Be sure psychiatric patients have their clothing and belongings taken from them.

3. Be sure every patient has a sitter.

4. Having a physical ED space for psychiatric patients that is capable of being locked would be useful to prevent patients absconding from the ED.

Conference Notes 8-27-2014

August 29, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Thanks to Christine Kulstad for her help writing the Conference Notes this week!

Lovell Study Guide

2 complications of eczema: Ipetigo (superimposed infection ) Eczema herpeticum is a supra-infection of herpes of eczema lesions.

*eczema herpeticum

Mnemonic for ossification sites of pediatric elbow, CRITOE: Capitellum, Radial head, Internal (medial) Epicondyle, Trochlea, Olecranon, External (lateral) epicondyle. Girls ossify at 1,3,5,7,9,11 years. Boys ossify at 2,4,6,8,10,12.

Any posterior fat pad on the elbow film is abnormal. Very prominent anterior fat pad is usually abnormal. Anterior humeral line should bisect the middle portion of the capitellum. In general, Kids get supracondylar fractures and adults get radial head fractures.

*CRITOE

*Normal Anterior Humeral Line

For kids with concussions: Harwood rule is minimum time off is 1 week for first concussion. 2^nd concussion is 1 month off minimum.

Saline, dextrose, hydrocortisone is the treatment cocktail for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Best way to give glucose: Adult D50 X 1ml/kg=50. Child D25 x 2ml/kg=50 Infant D10 X 5 ml/kg =50. At any age dextrose x ml/kg should equal 50

Syncope mimics: basilar migraine, seizure, vertigo, hyperventilation, hypoglycemia, breath holding spell (6-18 month old child with tantrum or severe crying prior to syncope).

*Supracondylar fractures Gartland Classification

Any hemophiliac with a head injury needs factor 8 ( 50u/kg) to get patient to 100% activity prior to any CT evaluation.

If pt has a bleeding disorder and has mucosal bleeding, think Von Willebrand disease. Treat with topical aminocaproic acid, fibrin glue or tranexamic acid. Desmopressin works for Type 1 VB disease. The link in your head for boards is mucosal bleeding=Von Willebrand’s disease.

*PECARN Decision Rule for CT’s in Children with Head Trauma

Sickle cell disease markedly increases a child’s risk of stroke. The leading cause of death in a sickle cell patient is infection. They have functional asplenia. Also keep your guard up for acute chest syndrome in sickle cell patients with suspected pneumonia. Treat acute chest with antibiotics, transfuse for PO2 <70 or a decrease in O2 sat of 10%. They also need analgesics. No steroids for acute chest syndrome.

Most important treatment for sickle cell pain crises is analgesics. IV fluids may increase risk of acute chest syndrome. These patients also have chronic pulmonary hypertension and cardiomyopathy so IV fluids can make matters worse. If the patient can drink, let them orally hydrate. If you feel they need IV fluids use small boluses of 10ml/kg and give maintenance rates. The concept of aggressive IV fluids for sickle cell pain crisis is kinda out.

Buckle fractures are small bumps in the cortex of the bone in kids. They usually have a rapid recovery but they are fractures and need immobilization.

Bowing fractures are a similar concept and are a bend in the bone. Greenstick fractures are another pediatric fracture with one cortex of the bone intact while the other cortex is fractured.

*Salter Harris Classification

Girzadas mnemonic is “ME” . Salter 1’s and 4’s are easy so this mnemonic doesn’t cover those. Salter 2’s and 3’s are the tough ones so ME just covers the 2’s and 3’s. Fracture line through the Metaphysis is a 2 and a fracture line through the Epiphysis is a 3.

Bonder Trauma Presentation

20yo male with GSW’s to upper extremities. BP 120/80, HR=60. GCS=15. Within 10 minutes heart rate increased to 90, O2 sat decreased to 95% and voltage decreased on monitor.

Breath sounds were noted to be decreased on the left side. Upright CXR has 52% sensitivity for pneumothorax. Ultrasound has 88% sensitivity for pneumothorax. Beware COPD and subQ emphysema can make identifying pneumothorax with U/S more difficult. COPD can look like a pneumothorax on ultrasound.

Indications for acute decompression of tension pneumothorax are: respiratory distress, hypotension, and/or altered mental status. Low voltage on cardiac monitor or EKG can be indicative of tension pneumothorax or pericardial fluid/tamponade. To decompress a pneumothorax, place a long, large needle in 2^nd intercostal space at mid-clavicular line. Follow that up with a chest tube.

In this case, Chest tube drained 1200ml of blood. CXR showed a bullet in the right hemithorax. The patient had no bullet wound on chest wall. The bullet actually travelled up the arm and ricocheted into the chest through the axilla. (Weird) Salzman comment: When placing a chest tube for hemothorax, direct chest tube to inferior portion of lung to drain as much blood as possible.

Management of hemothorax: Patient goes to the OR for 1500ml chest tube drainage over 24 hours. They go to the OR for a retained hemothorax after chest tube. Salzman comment: Taking the patient to surgery is a multi-factorial clinical decision. This is consistent with the EAST guidelines which state the physiologic status of the patient is more important than strict numbers when deciding to go for thoracotomy. Other authors state that ongoing chest tube drainage of 200ml/hr is an indication for thoracotomy as well. Ongoing chest tube drainage may be more important than the initial output.

Pulmonary contusion/Flail chest management: Avoid fluid overload, mechanical ventilation only for respiratory failure, non-invasive ventilation is useful, pain control is important, and don’t use steroids and don’t use diuretics. Salzman comment: pulmonary contusions evolve over the first 24 hours. If the patient’s initial CXR shows signs of pulmonary contusion they are at great risk for rapid/severe deterioration. Some patients will require oscillator ventilation or ECMO. This limits the utility of non-invasive ventilation. Harwood comment: Are there lesser pulmonary contusions that can be managed with non-invasive ventilation. Salzman reply: Younger patients who develop pulmonary contusion on CXR after 24 hours post-injury who need a little support may get by with non-invasive ventilation.

*Pulmonary Contusion

Salzman comment: If you suspect a pneumothorax, don’t hesitate to place a chest tube.

On the other hand, Many pre-hospital needle decompressions don’t get into the chest cavity. So before putting in a chest tube in these patients in the ED get a chest xray first if they are stable to see if they have a pneumothorax prior to placing a chest tube.

Garrett-Hauser Ethics

Case 1. Patient with metastatic lung cancer and COPD who is having respiratory distress. Patient was determined to have decisional capacity and refused intubation. Patient died in ED. Patient’s family later sued physician for not intubating her. Lesson: It’s the family who sues you, not the dead person.

Case 2. Elederly patient in NH who is unresponsive and is pulseless and non-breathing. POLST form is the new State DNR form. It is more complicated and has more nuanced choices. There is concern that the form is more prone to mistakes.

Case 3. Patient presents to ED in extremis. Patient has multiple chronic illnesses Power of Attorney is the patient’s designate who has power to make healthcare decisions. The Power of Attorney can contradict the DNR form.

Case 4. Patient with severe Intracranial hemorrhage and posturing. Husband wants her extubated so that she can die comfortably. He doesn’t want her on a ventilator. There is a Withdrawal /Withholding Care Form you can use to withdraw care. Two physicians have to certify that patient has an irreversible condition.

Case 5. 86yo female with respiratory failure. Family members disagree about who has decision making authority and POA. The standard for physicians is that a good faith effort was made by the physician to identify who is the Power of Attorney or proper family decision maker. You may have to ask a family member to bring in the Power of Attorney form to identify who has decision-making authority.

Principal of double effect: An action has 2 effects, one is desired and one is accepted. All major religions endorse this concept.

Case 6: 62yo female with Down Syndrome is in severe respiratory distress. NH paper work has a valid DNR and hospice paperwork. Hospice patients will sometime be brought to the ED if their symptoms can’t be controlled by hospice staff. We have a comfort care power plan in First Net that has suggested treatments for palliative care.

What does hospice mean? 3 aspects: 1. Approach to end of life care, 2. type of facility, and 3. insurance designation. Physician certifies that patient has less than 6 months to live.

Case 8. 45yo male with metastatic cancer sent to ED for hypoxia/tachycardia. He has decisional capacity and asked to be discharged. Wife agrees to the discharge. Hospice care was initiated while in ED. You have to fill out a DNR form.

Case 9. 101yo male presents to triage with minimal vital signs. Patient is resuscitated. After speaking with patient’s daughter, care was withdrawn. Patient died in the hospital.

Dr. Joe Levato- ID Pharm D Updates

UTIs

Uncomplicated outpt- Nitrofurantoin – 5 days (if preg, 7 days)

Cephalexin 250 or 500 mg tid- 7 days

Inpt- Community- ceftriaxone

Health-care acquired- Zosyn

Cipro only for PCN allergic- gentamicin (7mg/kg) still preferred

Aztreonam if PCN and quinolone allergic- gentamicin (7mg/kg) still preferred

Pyelonephritis outpt- Cipro or levofloxacin x 7 days

Ceftriaxone x1 in ED, then cefdinir or Augment x 14 days

Community-acquired cellulitis

Non-purulent- usually Group A strep. Use cefazolin (inpt) or cephalexin (x 5 days) as little resistance. Clindamycin as alternate

Purulent- usually MSSA or MRSA. Vancomycin (inpt). SMZ/TMP or doxycycline (x 5 days) for outpt if I&D only insufficient

Exclusions- severe infections, diabetics, necrotizing infections, penetrating trauma, decubitus ulcers, IVDA, chronic wounds

Abdominal Infections

Community acquired- ceftriaxone + metronidazole (alt Cipro + metronidazole)

Health-care acquired (post-surgical) and for complicated community acquired (abscess, perforation)- zosyn +/- vancomycin. PCN allergic- ciprofloxacin +metronidazole +/- vancomycin

Evaluating culture sensitivity results

Susceptible with < in front of number ( ie < 4 mcg/ml) = fully susceptible

Susceptible with a number (8 mcg/ml) means close to line between resistance and susceptibility. Be careful, go towards higher dosing ranges or more frequent dosing intervals. Or choose a different medication with < susceptibility reported.

Jamieson Radiation Exposure

We’re concerned for ionizing radiation- alpha, beta, neutrons, xrays, gamma.

Alpha can’t penetrate skin but can cause trouble if ingested.

Beta- protected if wearing clothes or aluminum foil.

Absorbed dose= amount of radiation absorbed into organism (Grays)

Dose equivalent= absorbed dose multipled by type of radiation. Same as absorbed dose for x-rays (Seiverts)

Effective dose= dose equivalent x tissue weighting factor

Ionizing radiation causes cell death at high dose, or interferes with cell division. So GI, hematopoetic systems highly affected

*Acute Radiation Syndrome

*Absolute Lymphocyte Count in Acute Radiation Syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome- usually requires 2 grays (equivalent to 20,000 simultaneous CXR’s).

LD50 – 4.5 grays

Causes- nuclear explosion, radiotherapy accident, space travel, nuclear reactor problem

Onset of symptoms is dose dependent. Present with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, pyrexia in prodromal phase. Treat symptomatically. Prodromal phase followed by latent phase (symptom free interval). Latent phase is missing in very large exposures.

Hematopoietic syndrome- pancytopenia is the main issue. Infection or bleeding is the problem. Survival is possible. Deaths occur in a few months. Blood transfusions, stem-cell transfusions may help.

If symptoms rapidly apparent or rapidly progressive, comfort care only.

Pre-hospital- critical role. Secure the scene, identify hazard, use PPE. Treat life-threatening injuries prior to decontamination

Hospital- assume the patient is contaminated unless you know they are decontaminated.

Conference Notes 8-20-2014

August 21, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Updates from previous conference notes:

From Cindy Chan:

*TPA risk/Benefit Analysis

This is final outcome measured at 3 months of 100 patients who received tpa compared to placebo:

- 65% (white figures) did no different

- 32% (light and dark green) did better; 13 of these (dark green) were normal or nearly mml

- 3% (light and dark red) did worse

** 6% (figures with (-) ) had brain bleeding at some point, but at final outcome at 3 months, 3% improved to be no different than non-tpa & 3% did worse

Frazer/C. Kulstad Oral Boards

Case 1. Child presents with recurring fever for 10 days. Child recently traveled to Africa with parents who are missionaries. Pt had an abnormal blood smear DX: Falciparum Malaria Critical Actions: Get blood smear, admit to ICU, treat with anti-malarials (extra points if you knew IV quinidine gluconate plus doxycycline or clindamycin). Initially malaria can present with influenza-like symptoms. Fever occurs at intervals. Anemia and jaundice are common. Disease presents within about 2 weeks of returning back from endemic area. Smear microscopy (thick and thin) is gold standard for diagnosis. Treat mild disease with malarone. If the patient is ill-appearing give IV quinidine gluconate plus doxycycline or clindamycin. Patients need to be managed in ICU due to possible arrhythmias from medications.

Harwood comment: You might want to order a procalcitonin level in this case. It would be elevated in malaria and help you differentiate the case from a viral illness.

*Falciparum malaria on blood smear

Case 2. 28yo female with right shoulder pain after falling while running on a trail. X-ray shows no definite fracture but on Y-view patient has signs of a posterior dislocation. DX: Posterior shoulder dislocation. Critical actions: Get X-rays including Y-view of shoulder. Treat pain/ Use procedural sedation to reduce dislocation. Posterior dislocations are much less common (2%) than anterior dislocations (98%). Classically posterior dislocations occur due to electrocution or electroconvulsive therapy. Traction/counter-traction is the preferred method of reducing a posterior dislocation.

*Posterior shoulder dislocation

Case 3. 22y female presents after being rescued from a fire in a carpet warehouse. Patient is bradycardic and borderline hypotensive. She is unresponsive. No evidence of any burns. ABG shows severe metabolic acidosis. DX: Cyanide Poisoning Critical Actions: Intubation, get ABG with CO-OX, treat suspected cyanide poisoning with cyanocobalamin. Screen for COHB and MetHB. Cyanide is common from fires involving plastics, rugs, chemical plants, electroplating. Cyanide blocks cellular respiration by blocking the cytochromes. A lactate greater than 10 in a patient rescued from a fire is a strong marker of cyanide toxicity. Also think of cyanide in a severely acidotic patient with a normal SPO2. Co-administration of sodium thiosulfate with cyanocobalamin may have a positive synergistic effect.

*Mechanism of cyanide poisoning

Knight M & M

80 yo male presents with vomiting and diarrhea. O2 sat is low. He was hypotensive and tachycardic. More history elicited that patient had a cough and chest pain. We also learned that the patient just got out of the hospital yesterday. Patient had history of c-diff and gastric outlet obstruction. He recently had a balloon dilatation of gastric outlet.

Patient was made a code 44 to expedite his management.

Airway decision making: We considered intubation to Protect airway, decrease work of breathing. However, patient was oxygenating well and his work of breathing improved with oxygen mask. So initially was not intubated.

IV fluids started. BP was initially fluid responsive. We suspected sepsis and considered pressors. First line pressor is norepinephrine, second line is epinephrine, 3^rd line is vasopressin.

Initial EKG did not show STEMI. Initial CXR shows no significant acute change other than possible infiltrate on right. HCAP antibiotics started. Labs showed a high lactate. CBC showed leukocytosis.

At about 2 hours into ED stay, BP drops again to 80/64. Breathing became more labored. With this change, patient was intubated. A left IJ line was placed. Some resistance was noted when line was being placed.

When placing central lines: Always use U/S guidance. Trandelenberg can improve visualization and increase diameter of IJ. Don’t use any force to place the wire.

Post central line CXR shows possible small pneumothorax on left side (the side of IJ placement). To make matters worse. Patient develops an air leak around the ET tube. Patient has to be re-intubated. ABGS show worsening oxygenation. The team then places a mini-chest tube on the left side. Coffee ground fluid drains from the tube. So the team replaces the mini-chest tube with a 34F tube. 1400ml of Coffee ground fluid drains out of the left pleural space. Next CXR shows improvement on left side but patient now has right side pneumothorax. There had been no central line attempt on the right side.

Meanwhile, Pt arrests. ROSC obtained with CPR and epinephrine.

At this point, family decided to withdraw care and patient died in the ED. Diagnosis most likely was boerhaave’s syndrome due to esophageal or gastric tear from previous balloon dilatation. Boerhaave’s syndrome has high mortality up to 72%. Iatrogenic boerhaave’s can have a 19% mortality. Perforations in the lower esophagus have a higher mortality.

Treatment for boerhaave’s syndrome: supportive care, early broad spectrum antibiotics, NG drainage, airway management, chest tube for urgent decompression, and surgical consult.

Harwood comment: You did not cause a pneumothorax. You used U/S guidance to place the central line. The air in the chest was due to the esophageal/gastric perforation.

Elise comment: You can get better information from your consultants if you carefully guide them by specific and well-directed questions.

Girzadas comment: You did not cause a pneumothorax in this patient and based on his initial presentation/lactate/age/co-morbidities you had no chance of saving him.

Burns Safety Lecture

57 yo female presents with cough and sob. Patient was treated with a med neb and felt better. Patient was discharged. After patient was discharged it was learned from a triage note that the patient was sent to the ED for an abnormal EKG. The ED physicians then attempted to find the EKG. The patient indeed had an abnormal EKG. She was called at home and asked to come back. Patient was too tired to come back. She came back the next day but left without being seen due the long wait.

Katie walked us through the system pathway for how EKG’s in our ED are processed. Short version: it is very complicated. There are many steps with no specific person having total responsibility for managing EKG’s. There are many potential ways this could impact patient safety. We then discussed how to improve this system. The most promising suggestion was to give the ED phsycisians access to the EKG computer in the CC hallway.

Carlson Pediatric Toxicology

Causes of Pediatric Toxicology Deaths: #1 fumes/gases, #2 Analgesics, #3 Cold Preparations

Andrea’s pet peaves: Don’t put toxins in drinking containers. Grandparents put their medications in non-child proof containers.

Child resistant means a 5yo can’t open a container in 15 minutes.

When evaluating a suspected pediatric toxicology case find out all the people who live in the house with the child or who watch the child. Any of these adults may be using medications or drugs that the child could get into.

Which exposures should an emergency physician worry about? Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil, and amlodipine are the worst), camphor oil (high concentration and has been off the market since the 1980’s), clonidine/visine (imidazolines), TCA’s, Opioids, Lomotil (diphenoxylate and atropine), methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen, ben gay), sulfonylureas, detergent pods (esophageal burns/perforation), and toxic alcohols. Button batteries are dangerous for kids as well. Button batteries in the esophagus need to be removed within a few hours. It can’t sit in place overnight. Button batteries in the stomach can be watched with serial x-rays. If it has not passed into the bowel by 4 days it needs to be removed. Intranasal batteries or batteries in the ear canal need to be removed immediately.

Also worry a lot about methadone, colchicine, paraquat, amanita mushrooms, and cyanide toxicity.

Don’t worry about: brodifacum (decon rat poison), chlorox bleach, ACE-I’s/ARB’s, diuretics, cholesterol meds, antibiotics, OTC camphor rub/lip balm products (they have low concentrations of camphor) motrin, H2 blockers, Actos, Avandia.

It is always OK to not decontaminate pediatric patients. If you give charcoal to kids be sure it does not have sorbitol. It works best to flavor charcoal with chocolate syrup.

Kernicke-Sklar Malpractice and Discharge Instructions

The most common cause of malpractice is a missed or delayed diagnosis. The second most common cause is an inadequately developed discharge plan. The majority of claims involve a patient who was discharged home from the ED and ended up suffering a complication.

Discharging a patient is in effect a patient handoff. Your discharge instrutions can serve as a good patient care summary that the patient can give the follow up doctor. Discharge instructions are viewed in the legal system as a contract document. Verbal instructions are not good enough. Instructions must be written.

We need a template to reduce our risk related to discharge.

Mnemonic: WTF, DR. DC?

*Anna’s mnemonic

W=what we found/what we did not find. This includes incidental findings. You need to inform the patient that they need to follow up for a lung nodule or other finding on imaging or lab testing. If not, and patient develops cancer or other problem you are liable for that problem.

T=treatment and tests done and still needed. Examples: get your blood pressure re-checked, hold your metformin for 48 hours after CT scan.

F=follow up. Try to be specific as possible. If a patient doesn’t have their own doctor, The Family Medicine Clinic and Adult Medicine Clinic have availability to see patients within a few days.

D=drugs, drug warnings. The physician prescribing the medication is responsible for warning patients about side effects and interactions. Anna puts this info in as a comment on her pre-printed prescriptions.

R=restrictions of activites

D=diagnosis. Just the facts. Don’t make a specific diagnosis without solid evidence. Always include incidental findings in the diagnosis list. Things like pulmonary nodule, elevated blood pressure, colonic wall thickening in the diagnosis list demonstrate that you identified these things and advised the patient to get follow up.

C=come back if…. Be specific as possible with symptoms and signs that would prompt return to ED.

?=final checks. Check the vital signs, ambulation, and for persistent severe pain.

*AMA

Leaving AMA falls under informed consent. Need to do 4 things: 1.Discuss risk/benefits/alternatives. 2.Patient had opportunity to ask questions. 3. Patient demonstrates an understanding of the issues. 4. Patient has capacity to make the decision.

Try to convince the patient to stay. AMA still is considered a discharge.

*Decisional Capacity Assessment

Anna and Elise comment: we always put in our note that we encouraged the patient to stay in the ED and to return to the ED as soon as possible.

Document re-exams. Address abnormal vital signs. Address incidental findings found on imaging and labs.

Be aware of your own biasises and how they affect your judgment.

LIU New Observation Program for Unattached Patients

Call the IM resident phone for any next-up OBS admission to the CDU. Admit to Dr. Nand on the bed request. If a patient has HMO insurance or goes to an advocate clinic they will not go into this service.

Conference Notes 8-6-2014

August 6, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

erratum from last week: Dr. Walchuk gave Study Guide and I did not credit him with his excellent presentation. Thanks Steve!

I will take next week off due to vacation. I will resume the Conference Notes on 8-20

Purnell/Carlson Oral Boards

Case 1. 46yo female with possible suicide attempt. Patient is altered with abnormal vital signs of tachycardia and decreased respiratory rate. Pupils were constricted. Pt responded initially to narcan but became sedated again. The patient’s husband brought in the patient’s medications which included a long acting hydrocodone preparation (ZohydroER). Critical actions: Identify opioid toxidrome, give naloxone, exclude co-ingestions such as ASA and APAP, start naloxone drip to manage long-acting opioid, admit to ICU. Optimal care: In any patient who has CNS depression consider getting a serum osmolarity to evaluate for toxic alcohols. Methadone, fentanyl, tramadol, and buprenorphine do not show up on toxicology screens. Zohydro is a controversial new extended release hydrocodone formulation. The concern is that it has much abuse potential and that overdoses will be particularly dangerous. There is no APAP or ASA in Zohydro.

Case 2. 38 yo female with fever, cough, and lethargy for 3 days. On day of presentation, patient has abdominal pain and vomiting. Patient fainted in the waiting room. BP=80/66 P=146 R=28 T=103.5 Patient is on Humira, methotrexate and prednisone for rheumatoid arthritis. CXR showed pneumonia. Labs showed hyperkalemia/hyponatremia suggesting adrenal insufficiency. Critical actions: Get history of steroid dependence and immunosuppression, give IV fluids for hypotension, give steroid replacement (solu-cortef/hydrocortisone is preferred) , treat hypoglycemia, and treat pneumonia.

Elise comment: Would you also investigate other opportunistic infections in this setting? Andrea yes but this can be done as an inpatient. The ED doc needs at a minimum to give CAP antibiotics.

Case 3. 2yo male with fever, cough, rash for 2 days. Patient has just returned from trip to Phillipines with his mom. Child is not immunized due to mom’s mistrust of immunizations. ED diagnosis was measles based on rash and Koplik’s spots. Critical actions: Obtain history that patient was not vaccinated, diagnose measles presumptively, isolate patient for 4 days before and 4 days after onset of rash, send confirmatory testing, arrange treatment for at-risk contacts. In the first 6 months of 2014 there have been 593 cases of measles in the US. There have been 2 cases in March 2014 in Macomb, IL. Incubation period is 7-21 days. 3 C’s of measles=cough, coryza (runny nose/stuffy nose/sneezing), conjunctivitis. Rash starts on face and spreads down over the body over 4 days. Koplik’s spots are pathognomonic but they last only 2 days before or 2 days after the onset of the rash. Treatment is supportive. Ribavirin can be considered in more ill or immunocompromised patients. Vitamin A supplementation is also advised. You will also have to give vaccine or immune globulin for exposed contacts.

*Measles Rash and Koplick’s Spots

Navarrete Trauma Lecture Hand Injuries

Management of finger tip avulsions with no boney involvement: Apply a non-adherent dressing. Soak in warm soapy water for 10min daily followed by tap water irrigation and redress. Repeat this process for 10 days. Have the patient return for a wound check in 2 days. Complete healing can take up to 8 weeks. Re-attaching the amputated portion is rarely successful.

If the finger tip avulsion involves exposed bone, consult hand surgery. Fakhori strongly recommends never ronguring the bone back in the ED. Steve Salzman comment: When you go to your next job and don’t have the resources of a Trauma center. You have to discuss these cases with the consultant and if you don’t have a Hand surgeon available, you have to transfer the patient. Elise comment: If you are working in a smaller ED and patient presents with exposed bone you need to discuss with a consultant or transfer.

Phalanx fractures: Distal phalanx fractures usually don’t require surgical management. Proximal and middle phalanx fractures require precise alignment/fixation and need referral.

Bad hand injuries: Don’t FREAK OUT. Stop the bleeding, control pain, wrap in xeroform and kerlix, give IV antibiotic coverage (Ancef), update tetanus status, get imaging, and consult hand surgery.

Calling the Hand Surgeon: Tell them the patient’s hand dominance, careful NV exam, extent of injury, tendon/muscle/bone exposure, and fractures. Texting a picture is probably the most informative. You have to get consent from the patient allowing you to text a picture of their injury to the hand surgeon. Document their consent in the chart. Elise comment: after texting the picture, delete the picture from your phone to protect patient confidentiality.

There was a discussion about using low dose ketamine 0.25 mg /kg in addition to opiates to treat intractable pain. Ketamine lowers opioid needs and is hemodynamically neutral. Dr. Navarrete used keatmine in one of her trauma patients with a severe hand injury and had good success.

Storing amputated digit for re-attachment: wrap digit in saline gauze, place it in a plastic bag, put the bag on ice, and keep the amputated digit with the patient. Christine comment: The ED has coolers available to keep the amputated part with the patient so it is not lost. Salzman comment: Most amputations of digits and limbs are not viable for re-attachment.

Compartment syndrome in the hand is possible. There are 10 compartments in the hand. Red flags indicating compartment syndrome are bad pain, weakness, tense tissue.

*Hand Compartments

Main message for hand injuries: Treat pain, give antibiotics, wrap the hand, and CONSULT HAND SURGERY!

Campanella The Dizzy Patient

Peripheral vertigo is usually not continuous but rather episodic. Episodes usually last less than 1 minute

Dizziness that last minutes to hours: consider meniere’s, TIA, migraine, psychiatric, otic syphilis

Mnemonic for Vertigo DDX: VITAMIN C=Vascular, Infectious, Trauma, Autoimmune, Metabolic/Medications, Idiopathic, Neoplastic, Congenital like Arnold chiari malformation.

Differentiating Vertigo from other causes of dizziness: With peripheral vertigo, head movement provokes symptoms. Dr. Campanella likes to ask if symptoms come on when you tilt your head back like when you get your hair washed. The more severe the vertigo, the more likely it is peripheral vertigo. Peripheral vertigo is more common in women. Usually occurs in the 4^th-5^th decade.

Halpike testing is specific for peripheral vertigo. There is latency of the effects of this test though so you have to wait for up to a minute to see if patient has symptoms. The otoliths are floating in the endolymph and it takes some time for them to stimulate the hairs in the semi-circular canals.

Meniere’s: There is an over-accumulation of endolymph within the vestibular system. Patients have vertigo and hearing loss over time. The other name for meniere’s is Otolithic Catastrophes of Tumarkin. True name but we all got a good laugh from it.

Any type of dizziness may worsen with positional change but only peripheral vertigo results from position change.

Thinking about stroke localization: When you are dealing with the D’s (dystharthria, dysphonia, dysphagia, diplopia, dizziness, dysequilibrium) you are talking about stroke in the posterior fossa.

Migraines can cause vertigo. Don’t give these patients (specifically migraine induced vertigo) tryptans for their headache because you can cause vasospastic stroke.

Wallenberg syndrome: Also known as the lateral medullary syndrome. Symptoms include:hoarse voice, horner’s syndrome, nausea, facial numbness, blurred vision/diplopia, difficulty standing unassisted, limb ataxia and vertigo. This is a stroke but these patients have no extremity weakness so it is a tricky diagnosis. It is a stroke affecting the lateral medulla and is due to Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery which is a branch off the vertebral artery.

Campanella does not use the head impulse test to evaluate vertigo. He doesn’t find it useful

*Wallenberg Syndrome

Campanella did not have clear age cut off for who he would scan. He discusses the decision to scan with the patient. He feels that if history/physical is pretty clear cut for peripheral vertigo and pt can walk and is not sick from vomiting they can be discharged. If you see any previous stroke on CT that suggests that this patient’s symptoms are due to a cerebrovascular event based on signs of previous stroke.

Elise comment: Should we pass on CT and go right to MRI for dizzy patients? Campanella: Sure, if you can get it done it does possibly save an admit for the patient and speed up the evaluation.

Girzadas Airway Management of the Morbidly Obese Patient

Since I gave the lecture, I did not take notes but the key take home points are listed.

Obese patients have rapid desaturation when apneic due to a decreased functional residual capacity and overall diminished lung function as well as increased utilization of oxygen. More rapid desaturation reduces the safe apnea period that emergency physicians have to secure an airway.

Obese patients have more difficult visualization of their airway. They also have increased risk of aspiration.

Strategies to mitigate the above pathophysiology include

Preoxygenation with head up at 20-30 degrees.

Passive oxygenation with 15 L per nasal cannula during preoxygenation and during intubation.

Preoxygenate with 15L NRB mask with O2 cranked above 15 L per min

If this is unable to get O2 saturation above 95% use bipap.

While preoxygenating patient put patient in RAMP position to optimize airway visualization.

*RAMP position

Suggested approach to intubation is Ketamine sedation with topical anesthetic in the upper airway and not do RSI if possible.

Video laryngoscopy should be your first attempt device based on research showing VL gives better visualization and shorter intubation time in obese patients.

Go-to Rescue device should be intubating LMA.

If you need to cric, don’t delay as these patients desaturate rapidly and cricothyrotomy in the obese patient takes more time. Use an ET tube instead of a shiley to give yourself more length to reach the airway.

Estimate drug doses based on body weight of 100kg.

Settings on the ventilator should be based on ideal body weight and low tidal volumes. 70 kg and TV of 6ml/KG. So TV of 450-550 is a reasonable starting point.

Remke 5 Slide Follow Up

Pt has trauma to her lower leg. The ED physicians have suspicion of compartment syndrome. Patient has a history of bilateral PE and is on warfarin.

Compartment syndrome is due to an increase in pressure within a muscle compartment bound by fascia. Diagnosis is based predominantly on pain out of proportion of exam and tense compartments. 5 P’s Pain, Pulse deficit, Pallor, Paresthesia, Paralysis. Compartment measurement that is within 30mm of Hg of the diastolic blood pressure should go to the OR.

Decision was made to reverse coagulopathy with FEIBA and patient went to OR for fasciotomy. After fasiotomy patient was anticoagulated pretty much right after surgery.

Navarrete 5 Slide Follow Up

31yo male with acute right leg numbness. Patient had a fever and cough for the last several days. No chest pain. Patient did have diminished pulses in the right leg.

Ekg showed sinus tach. WBC=24.5. Troponin=1.21. Diagnosis in the ED was endocarditis. Formal TEE showed a vegetation on the aortic valve. CTA showed thrombus in the right common femoral artery and infarcts in the spleen and left kidney. Patient seemed to become more ill in the ED but was still overall stable so he was sent up to the ICU. 3 hours later in the ICU the patient arrests. He was found to have an acutely blown aortic valve. Patient was resuscitated and taken to the OR. He survived.

If you identify an ischemic limb, you gotta think clot, endocarditis, AND dissection.

You can use ABI’s to objectively verify your exam. >0.9 is normal. <0.5 is a severe occlusion.

Treatment for clotted vessel is heparin bolus and drip. Consult vascular surgery. CTA is recommended for imaging the suspected vascular area in the ED.

Conference Notes 7-30-2014

August 4, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Follow Up from Last week's Conference Notes

Update from Val Merl (ACMC alumna now at University of New Mexico): Haunta virus is something I actually have seen and treated. If you are thinking about Haunta look at the platelet count. If it is above 200 it isn't Haunta. I don't know if this is from actual published articles but it is what we all do here. There is a specific test for Haunta but it won't become positive for days after the illness has set in. By then the pt is dead or improving. But the most important thing - if you think Haunta you have to admit them where there is an ECHMO team. They need to have the equipment and be standing by in the room. I've had a pt go from being on 2 liters of 02 and watching TV to being on ECHMO with a pressure of nothing in just a few hours. UNM has had good results with putting their pts on ECHMO. And they have probably treated more Haunta pts than anywhere.

Thinking of plague is a good thought but those pts look different than Haunta ( we have that here in NM also) Adults

With plague don't normally look SICK. They normally just have a high fever with no source. They aren't normally hypoxic and their plt count is normally > 200. The way we think of it here is - if it is summertime and the pt looks like they have the flu treat them for the plague (normally they are good enough to do this as out pts) We have had 2 cases already this year.

Editorial Note: Love the feedback from our Alumni. Feel free to send your Teaching Pearls related to conference and I will include them in the notes.

Marynowski Pediatric Study Guide

Unfortunately I missed this excellent lecture.

Carlson Toxic Alcohols (Thank You to Christine Kulstad for writing the notes for this lecture!)

*Osmolar Gap

*Osmolar & Anion Gap Trends

Normal Range of osmolar gap is -14 to +12. This broad range make it an imperfect screening test. However if the gap is out of the normal range, it is specific for toxic alcohols.

Other causes of Osmolar Gap: Mannitol, radiocontrast dye, acetone, propylene glycol

You should be able to get a Stat Ethylene Glycol level from Quest Labs within 3-6 hours. You will need to call the lab to make sure the test gets done as a Stat. Andrea makes it a point to repeatedly call the lab to make sure the specimen is in process and to get the result.

Ethylene glycol, found in antifreeze, deicers, and brake fluid. It tastes sweet, but some have bittering agent and all have fluorescein added.

Ethylene glycol exposure from 1) alcoholics running out of ethanol, 2) improper storage, 3) suicide, 4) poisoning

Absorbed mostly through GI in 1-4 hrs, all other exposures minimal. Low Vd, not protein bound- means HD will remove it. Half life 3 hrs metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase.

4 clinical phases. Stage 1 is CNS, over 30 min to 12 hrs. Looks like intoxication-somnolence, ataxia, slurred speech. If a massive ingestion- cerebral edema, seizures.

Stage 2- metabolic. Occurs at 4 -36 hrs. Get metabolic acidosis, kussmauls respirations, hypocalcemia, cardiac instability. Most likely to die during this phase. Bicarb drips during this phase can be helpful to counteract the acidosis.

Stage 3- Renal. Occurs at 24-72 hours. Renal tubular necrosis, hematuria, proteinuria.

Stage 4- Neuo, only in significant ingestion. Delayed effects from osmotic demyelination. EG levels > 1000 mg/dL

What to order for ethylene glycol ingestion? BMP, serum ethanol, serum osmolality, stat toxic alcohols, abg, ua, apap, asa, tox screen, EKG.

Who to diagnosis? Ethylene glycol level. Presumptive- pH < 7.3, bicarb <20, osmolar gap >10, urinary oxalate crystals with appropriate clinical context.

Osmolar gap equation= 2(Na) + bun/2.8 + glc/18 + etoh/4.6. Should be less than 20, the normal range is -14 to +12. It may be normal in late ingestions. Other factors that can elevate osmolar gap- acetone (DKA, dehydration), glycerol (mouthwash), propylene glycol (Ativan), mannitol, sorbitol, radiocontrast dye. Roughly osmolar gap x 6.2 = ethylene glycol level.

Gold standard level- GC mass spectrometry. Send STAT to Quest but you must talk to lab as the patient is drawn. Can get results in 3-6 hrs. Do NOT just order it through FirstNet or it will come back in 2 weeks. Watch units as they are not standard for reporting.

Anion gap- Na – (Cl + HCO3). Above 16 is abnormal. In ethylene glycol ingestions- elevated from glycolate and lactate.

ABG machine analyses gylcolate and lactate the same. So lactate may be 25, and serum lactate is 7 for example.

Urine studies less helpful. Calcium oxalate crystals only found in 50% (can also be reported as amorphous crystals). You can fluoresce the urine BUT fluorescein ingestion does not always come out in urine AND kids’ urine naturally fluoresce.

Treatment- can use NG aspiration if early and massive exposure. Activated charcoal doesn’t bind well but can be given for co-ingestion. Improve metabolic profile with bicarb, magnesium, and calcium.

Inhibit metabolism with fomepizole (alcohol if you don’t have ifomepizole). Works by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase. Pregnancy category C, but only FDA approved antidote. Give if ethylene glycol level >20 OR suspicion + osmolar gap >10 if early, OR suspicion + 2 presumptive criteria.

Fomepizole dosing- load 15 mg/kg with max of 1 g. then 10 mg/kg q12 hrs x 4 does, then 15 mg/kg q 12 hrs. But interval goes down to q4 hrs while on dialysis. Oral = IV. Earlier administration = better outcome. Adverse effects except headache are rare. It does taste bad.

When can you give fomepizole alone? If treated early and for prolonged period- until ethylene glycol level decreased. Also can use in pediatric patients. Must have pH < 7.3, modest anion gap (<20), no renal dysfunction, adequate fomepizole supply. If ethylene glycol <100, fomepizole alone is well supported.

If you don’t have fomepizole, give ethanol. Can be oral or IV. Its cheap BUT 1) hard to maintain steady level, large volumes needed, kids get hypoglycemic, more CNS depression. Shoot for a level of 100-150, increase rate with dialysis.

Theoretical benefit to adding thiamine 100 mg iv q6h until ethylene glycol gone, pyridoxine 50 mg iv q6h x 24 hours

Methanol- found in more products. It is absorbed more quickly. Absorbed through skin and inhalation.

Methanol metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid. It causes ocular toxicity and metabolic acidosis.

Clinical toxicity often delayed. Early- CNS depression, seizures, cogwheel rigidity. Ocular- snow field vision, unreactive pupils, APD on presentation is bad. Renal toxicity rare.

Diagnosis it by methanol level, osmolar gap, and anion gap. Can see putamenal hemorrhages on CT which is fairly specific.

*Methanol CT findings Putamen Hemorrhages (symmetric hypodense NIKE swoosh appearing lesions)

Treat by inhibiting metabolism, leucovorin for folate 50 mg IV q4h (theorectical benefit), dialysis, ophtho benefit.

Can skip hemodialysis if level < 80 and pH < 7.3, modest anion gap (<20), no renal dysfunction, adequate fomepizole supply.

Isopropanol- osmolar gap w/o anion gap. Biggest side effect is GI irritation or bleed. Manage symptomatically. The compound can interfere with creatinine measurement. No fomepizole. HD only if level > 500 mg/dl.

Beckemeyer Stroke Management

Stroke patients have priority over other ED patients in que for CT.

If no blood on CT and pt presents within 3-4.5 hours consider TPA.

In stroke patients do these three things first: check glucose, assess airway, and get a CT head.

Risk –Benefit of TPA for Stroke :

It is difficult to convey this clearly to patients and their families. According to the NINDS data shown below, about 11 patients in 100 who receive TPA will benefit over receiving only asa. 6 in 100 patients treated with TPA will have intracranial bleeding and about half of the patients with brain bleeds will die.

*Outcomes after TPA

There was a discussion between Erik and Harwood about how to best describe to patients and their families the risks/benefits of TPA.

Keep patients from getting severely hyper/hypo glycemic. Keep them around

140-180. Give IVF. Volume depletion can worsen cerebral blood flow. Have nursing in ED do a simple water swallow test to see if patients can swallow.

Be sure to use the TPA checklist every time to check for contraindications.

Negro EKG Interpretation

*Evolution of ST changes with STEMI

Anterior STEMI: Vessel occluded is LAD. Prognosis is worst of all infarcts due to size of myocardium at risk.

*ECG showing Anterior STEMI

*LAD Occlusion/Anterior MI

*EKG of Lateral MI (Most ST elevation in high lateral leads I, AVL)

Inferior Wall STEMI have risks of RV infarct and hypotension. Caution with IV nitroglycerin as it can cause hypotension. Lower mortality than anterior wall infarction.

*Inferior Wall STEMI

If in the setting of inferior STEMI, the ST elevation in III is greater than II check right sided leads to evaluate for RV infarct. ST elevation in lead III > lead II suggest RV infarct. These patients need fluids to maintain BP and be cautious with NTG due to risk of hypotension.

*Inferior Posterior STEMI

Balogun ABC’s of Vasoactive Drugs

Case1 75 yo female with COPD and DM. Patient presents in septic shock. EGDT initiated and patient is persistently hypotensive.

Norepinepherine is the first line pressor for septic shock.

Epi is second line for septic shock (and 1^st line for anaphylactic shock). It has both alpha and beta stimulating effects.

Phenylepherine (neosynepherine) increases SVR by pure alpha stimulation. It is third line for septic shock. It can cause reflex bradycardia

Vasopressin increases peripheral vasoconstriction. It is also third line for septic shock.

Case 2 65yo male with antero-lateral STEMI. Patient is in cardiogenic shock.

Dopamine is the first line pressor for cardiogenic shock. At low doses, dopamine vasodilates mesenteric, brain, and renal vasculature. At higher doses it increases cardiac output and SVR.

Dobutamine is the first line inotrope in cardiogenic shock.

Milrinone is indicated for cardiogenic shock in the setting of CHF.

Case 3. 37yo male with hypotension following RSI. Treat with IV fluids and consider a push-dose pressor. Options are phenylephrine, epinephrine, ephedrine.

Probably the easiest use is 1ml of cardiac epi mixed with 9 ml of NS in a 10 ml syringe. This can be given in aliquots of 0.5 ml at a time. Data supporting push-dose pressors is basically from the anesthesia literature. Most of the patients in these anesthesia studies are young healthy females with transient hypotension from spinal anesthesia. No faculty would use push-dose pressors for post-procedural sedation hypotension. They would use it in a critically ill patient to manage post intubation hypotension or bridge the patient until a central line is placed.

No pressors for hypotensive trauma patients. They need volume replacement. Exceptions would be neurogenic shock and septic shock.

Jeziorkowski 5 Slide Follow Up

78 yo female with hx of COPD and O2 sat of 70%. She had a fever of 39.2. Severely dyspneic. Patient had just been discharged from the hospital and family noted patient has not been herself for the last few days.

Chest X-Ray shows extensive subQ emphysema. Patient had a TEE during her recent hospitalization. Diagnosis of esophageal rupture was entertained. Iatrogenia is the most common cause of esophageal rupture.

*Esophogeal rupture with mediastinal and subQ air

3 areas of esophageal narrowing: cricopharyngeus, thoracic vessels, and lower esophageal sphincter. If the esophagus ruptures at the cricopharyngeus, the mortality is 6% . If rupture is at either of the other two narrow points, the mortality is around 33%. No clear reason why except that mediastinal contamination is more likely at these lower points.

Esophogeal rupture is a difficult diagnosis to make. Options for diagnosis are esophogram, endoscopy, and CT. Once diagnosed, give broad spectrum antibiotics, consider anti-fungals for the recently hospitalized patient, emergently consult surgery, give supportive care.

Delay in diagnosis results in increased mortality.

Purnell Altered Mental Status Time-Based Approach

What could kill the altered patient in next few seconds: non-perfusing rhythm, airway issue, hypoventilation, and hypotension.

Think to check glucose and consider narcan before intubating the altered patient. In the same vein, consider a c-spine injury prior to manipulating the neck for intubation

What could kill the altered patient in the next few minutes: hypoglycemia, hypothermia/heat stroke, MI, aortic dissection/rupture, intracranial hemorrhage, overdose, hyperkalemia.

What could kill my altered patient in the next few hours: Sepsis, meningitis, metabolic derangements, toxins, intracranial mass, necrotizing fasciitis, intra-abdominal catastrophies, TTP, non-convulsive status epilepticus. Hypo/hyper-thyroidism, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome.

Re-examine the abdomen in altered elderly patients multiple times to identify subtle tenderness. Have a low threshold to image abdomen in the altered elderly patient.

TTP mnemonic: FAT RN = Fever, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal dysfunction, Neurologic deficit. If the patient has 3 of these, start plasmaphoresis. Don’t Give Platelets, it will worsen the clinical situation.

For non-convulsive status, look for fasiculations of the eyelids or muscles in the hand. Elise picked up a case of this recently by noting eye deviation in an altered patient.

Kelly comment: In patients who are on thyroid meds and you want to check their thyroid function, get a free T4 in addition to TSH. The TSH will likely not be diagnostic if patients are on thyroid meds.

Labs are the best way to separate NMS and Seratonin syndrome. NMS will have elevated LFT’s, elevated CK, elevated WBC’s, low iron.

Conference Notes 7-23-2014

July 28, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Permar/Lovell Oral Boards

Case 1. 55yo male with SOB for 2 days. BP 100/60. Labs show leukocytosis. CXR shows normal heart size and bilateral infiltrates. Diagnosis is acute pulmonary syndrome due to Hanta Virus. Critical Actions: Recognize septic shock, aggressive IV fluids, Intubation, Broad-spectrum Antibiotics, norepinephrine, ICU admission.

Optimal care would include ID consult and notification of the Public Health Department. Elise comment: First thing is to recognize and rapidly correct vital signs. Management for Hanta Virus Pulmonary syndrome is supportive care. Clinically looks like rapidly progressive non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. There is no specific treatment for hanta virus.

Harwood and Carlson comments: The diagnosis for this case could have been plague or other uncommon infections. You have to have a broad ddx. Would have been nice to give IV doxycycline or gentamycin in addition to usual CAP coverage to cover plague.

*Rapid Progression of Hanta Virus Pulmonary Syndrome

Case 2. 19 yo male very agitated. 160/110, HR=110. Pt has gun fall out of his pocket. Crystal meth also falls out of his pocket . Urine Tox is positive for amphetamines. Critical Actions: Scene safety/search patient, check blood sugar, check temperature, sedate with benzobiazepines, monitor for normalization of vital signs, assess for psychiatric stability. Optimal care: consider excited delirium (hyperthermic/super-human strength/risk of sudden cardiac death), consider checking CPK, offer rehab information. Methamphetamine acts on dopamine receptors more than serotonin receptors. Scary thing is that methamphetamine actually re-wires your brain and causes permanent neurologic changes.

Andrea & Elise comments: Control violent behavior in this type of patient with high-dose benzos, ketamine or ketafol.

Case 3. 20 yo male with left hand pain due to a snake bite. BP=100/55, HR=115. Patient has spreading edema of hand. Critical actions: CroFab administration 6 vials, IV opioid pain control, IV fluids, ICU admit. Optimal care: monitor for compartment syndrome. If compartment syndrome develops, treatment is administration of more CroFab rather than fasciotomy. First aid is no suction of venom, no incision, no tourniquets. For prolonged transport you can use a constricting band to hinder lymphatic spread of venom. If possible keep the injured extremity at heart level and minimize patient’s activity until they get to the hospital.

*Pit vipers have a heat sensing pit, elliptical eye, and fangs

Harwood comment: For the boards, don’t give Haldol to a patient with a drug overdose. Ice is not recommended for snake bites.

Andrea comment: You can’t go wrong with benzos for the agitated patient.

Mosier (Loyola Burn Center)/Management of Patients with Thermal Injury

*Criteria for transfer to Burn Center

Harwood question: What %age of patients transferred to your burn center can be treated as an outpatient. Answer: >50% are discharged in 1-3 days.

Rule of 9’s is an easy way to estimate burn size in adults.

*Rule of 9’s

Patient’s palm + fingers is @1% of burn size. When calculating BSA affected, do not include areas of first degree burn.

Larger burns cause capillary leak resulting in slow/progressive fluid loss. Fluid replacement goal should be 30ml of urine output per hour.

Parkland formula is indicated for patients with greater than 20% BSA burned: Parkland formula=4ml/kg/%BSA burned. Half the volume is given in the first 8 hours and the second half given in the next 16 hours. Some patients will need more or less fluid than estimated by this formula but it is a reasonable starting point. Clinicians will have to adjust fluid administration to reach goal of 30ml of urine output per hour.

Dr. Mosier showed some horrific pictures of extensive burns. He discussed his thinking on the use of escharotomies to relieve constricting pressure on torso or extremities. Elise question: What is the timing on doing an escharotomy? Answer: most patients can have up to a 6 hour delay to getting an escharotomy. So in most cases it can be done at a burn center. Girzadas question: How do you know if you have cut deeply enough to perform an effective escharotomy? Answer: When you cut deeply enough, the burned skin will spread apart and the tenseness of the tissue will be feel much less.

Carbon monoxide poisioning is the most common cause of death due to inhalation injury. The Upper airway has a great ability to absorb/diffuse heat. Edema due to upper airway burn injury peaks at 12-24 hours.

Singed facial and nasal hair does not=intubation. If a patient is burned from a flash burn lighting a grill or smoking while on oxygen they usually won’t need intubation. Patients with inhalation burns due to closed space fires (caught in a house fire for example) are at much higher risk for airway edema and intubation.

If patient is phonating without stridor they usually won’t need intubation

Dr. Mosier showed some pictures of severe electrical burns. These burns can require larger fluid volumes than suggested by the Parkland formula. These patients may need surgical debridement, fasciotomy and/or amputation.

There are 127 Burn Centers in the US. Only 66 Burn Centers are “Verified or Accredited”. Loyola and U of C are the only 2 Burn Centers in IL that are Verified. There are 3400 Deaths/year in the US from burns. The majority of deaths occur due to residential fires. The total average body surface area burned has decreased over the last 2 decades. Survival rates for all burns is 97% overall. There are better outcomes at Burn Centers.

Don’t forget that you should transfer cases of TEN to a burn center.

*Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Kelly comment: Please comment on how to refer a patient to your Burn Clinic. Answer: You can call the Burn Center to arrange a clinic appointment. We are a 5 day/week clinic. We are not open on weekends.

Elise question: What is the preferred dressing for minor burns. Answer: Wash the wound with soap and water. Debride blisters that are on body areas of frequent movement. If the blister is intact on a non-high frequency moving surface you can leave it intact. We still like topical silvadene or other antibiotic ointments on the burns. Silvadene is better for deeper burns. Mepilex sponge is a new silver-eluting dressing that works well. You can actually use silvadene on the face. If it gets in the eyes or mouth it can cause irritation. It is a false axiom that silvadene can’t be used on the face.

When transferring a patient to a burn center just cover the burn with dry sterile sheet or dressing. Don’t use moist or wet dressings, no packing in ice. Just use a dry dressing.

Salzman Tactical Medicine

Dr. Slazman discussed the tactical/EMS response in Sweden to the mass attack/murder of children on an island summer camp. He discussed the difficult decisions of whether to treat a severely wounded patient vs. getting control of scene safety at the outset prior to caring for wounded patients.

Tactical medicine Mnemonic: Call A CAB n’ Go

Call for help. Abolish all threats. Circulation-Airway-Breathing. Neuro Check. Go=transport patient to hospital.

Tourniquets are still useful for halting exsanguination from limb GSW’s.

Average adult has about 5-6 liters of blood. With significant blood loss, the color of the lips (palor) is a sensitive indicator of severe anemia.

Harwood question: How do you function as a physician wearing SWAT-type protective gloves. Answer: It is an issue. We do have black medical gloves that we can put on after we take off our SWAT protective gloves.

*AVPU simple and quick neurologic assessment

ED thoracotomy has the highest success rate for single isolated stab wounds to the chest. If you can relieve the pericardial tamponade and close the heart wound, you can save the patient’s life.

When caring for patients who have suffered a blast injury, be aware of embedded shrapnel in the patient. These foreign bodies can injury you. Wear personal protective equipment and be cautious.

Amputated limbs/body parts are rarely able to be re-attached successfully.

Unfortunately due to meetings, I missed the other excellent lectures this day.

Conference Notes 7-16-2014

July 18, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Felder Study Guide OB-Gyne

Erythrasma is an erythematous, scaley rash similar in appearance to tinea. It can be located in the genital area, axilla, inter-digital spaces of foot. Caused by cornebacterium a gram positive organism. Treated with erythromycin, clindamycin gel, or even better a topical azole anti-fungal. Since it would probably be hard to distinguish in the ED from tinea it is good it can be treated with an antifungal topicaly. It is a non-ulcerative rash. It has a coral red appearance when examined with a woods lamp (blue light). Ulcerative STD’s include syphilis, LGV, herpes, chancroid.

*Erythrasma

Hytidaform mole is associated with first or second trimester bleeding. Snow storm appearance on ultrasound. Unusually high HCG levels. Patients will have severe nausea and vomiting. There is potential for malignancy. Treatment is D & C.

* Hytidaform Mole Ultrasound

Ecclampsia is defined by seizures or coma in a pre-ecclamptic patient. Treat with magnesium.

Optimal candidates for methotrexate — The optimal candidates for MTX treatment of ectopic pregnancy are hemodynamically stable, willing and able to comply with posttreatment follow-up, have a human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit (hCG) concentration ≤5000 mIU/mL, and no fetal cardiac activity. Ectopic mass size less than 3 to 4 cm is also commonly used as a patient selection criterion; however, this has not been confirmed as a predictor of successful treatment (Up to Date)

There was a discussion about the risks of giving methotrexate in the ED. General consensus is that an attending OB physician should be the person signing the methotrexate order.

10 rads is the threshold for human teratogenesis. Most of the common ED imaging studies are well below this level of radiation.

Risk of heterotopic pregnancy in a patient who underwent IVF is 1%. Kelly comment: any fertility enhancement therapies increase the rate of heterototpic pregnancy. Baseline rate of heterotopic pregnancy in non-fertility enhanced patients is 1 in 4000 or 0.025%.

In setting of threatened AB, risk of miscarriage drops to 5% if fetal heart activity is identified on ultrasound.

PID causes infertility in 12% of patients. So with that rate it is considered prudent to treat presumptively in the ED. Over-treatment is acceptable. Mila comment: If you are reaching for a swab to test for GC/Chlamydia, you should strongly consider treating the patient.

Most vaccines are ok in pregnancy (TDAP, Influenza, Hep B). Chicken pox vaccine is not. Any other live vaccines are not ok as well. Avoid NSAIDs in pregnancy as it reduces uterine blood supply. Narcotics are ok in pregnancy except if delivery is imminent as it will suppress fetal respirations. Use plain local anesthetics without epinephrine to avoid small potential of epinephrine affecting placental blood flow.

Kleihauer Betke test and flow cytometry are 2 tests to identify larger/massive fetomaternal hemorrhage. If positive in the pregnant patient with trauma, they will need a 300mcg dose of rhogam and possibly additional rhogam.

Clue cells are vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria. This indicates bacterial vaginosis. Treat with metronidazole 2 grams single dose.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) represents a complex change in the vaginal flora characterized by a reduction in concentration of the normally dominant hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli and an increase in concentration of other organisms, especially anaerobic gram negative rods [6-9]. The major bacteria detected are Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella species, Porphyromonas species, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mobiluncus species [6]. Fusobacterium species and Atopobium vaginae are also common.

The mechanism by which the floral imbalance occurs and the role of sexual activity in the pathogenesis of BV are not clear, but formation of an epithelial biofilm containing G. vaginalis appears to play an important role (UP to Date)

*Clue cells

Frazer M & M Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

45 yo female with multiple GSW’s. Airway is intact. Wounds in right anterior hip, left medial gluteus and left lateral hip regions. Abdomen is soft with mild RLQ tenderness. Pt also had epigastric tenderness. Vitals were not hypotensive. Plain xray shows 2 bullets. 1 bullet in right pelvis and 1 bullet in epigastrium.

Harwood comment: In trauma there is a calculation, Holes + Bullets = An even number. If not, you have to look for another bullet. Exceptions: Bullet from a previous trauma or an embolized bullet. In this case we have 3 wounds and 2 bullets=5. Not an even number. Erin stated that the patient did have a bullet in her leg which accounted for the third bullet.

Traditional teaching was that laparotomy was indicated for any GSW to abdomen. More recently, it is thought that the overall morbidity from negative exploratory laparotomies outweighs the benefit of this strategy. New strategy is to use triple contrast CT in stable patients without peritonitis or free air on xray to identify cases requiring surgery.

Intrpretation of CT in this case was made that likely there was no peritoneal violation. Patient was to be observed and re-evaluated. Repeat exam in the ED shows non-tender abdomen and stable vitals.

Later that day patient is eating. That night heart rate increases to 138 but comes down with pain medications. Next day urine output drops. Heart rate increased again that morning. Later that morning, patient suddenly coded. Patient was resuscitated and transferred to SICU.

Patient had rigid abdomen and found to have septic shock. Patient went to OR and was found to have blast effect injury to bowel causing a single perforation. Patient later developed gangrenous bowel and needed bowel resection. Patient was discharged after 30 days in hospital.

Risk/Benefit to conservative management of GSW to the abdomen using CT evaluation is that other studies have shown that even 8 hours delay of identifying bowel injury increases morbidity and mortality. Patients being evaluated with this non-operative conservative management approach need frequent re-exams of their abdomen and overall clinical picture to promptly identify any need for surgery.

Elise forwarded the abstract of the Trauma study that supports conservative management of GSW’s to the Torso:

Prospective evaluation of selective nonoperative management of torso gunshot
wounds: When is it safe to discharge?

Inaba, Kenji MD; Branco, Bernardino Castelo MD; Moe, Donald BSc; Barmparas,
Galinos MD; Okoye, Obi MD; Lam, Lydia MD; Talving, Peep MD, PhD; Demetriades,
Demetrios MD, PhD

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Selective nonoperative management (NOM) has been increasingly used
for torso gunshot wounds (GSWs). The optimal observation time required to
exclude a hollow viscus injury is not clear. The purpose of this study was to
determine the safe period of observation before discharge.

METHODS: All patients aged 16 years and older sustaining a torso GSW undergoing
a trial of NOM were prospectively enrolled (January 2009 to January 2011).
Patient demographics, initial computed tomography (CT) results, time to failure
of NOM, operative procedures, and outcomes were collected. Failure of NOM was
defined as the need for operation.

RESULTS: A total of 270 patients sustained a GSW to the torso. Of those, 25
patients (9.3%) died in the emergency department and were excluded leaving 245
patients available for the analysis. Mean age was 26.5 years +/- 9.9 years
(16-62 years), 92.7% (227) were men, and mean Injury Severity Score scale was
13.8 +/- 11.3 (1-45). Overall, 115 patients (46.9%) underwent immediate
exploratory laparotomy based on clinical criteria (72.2% had peritonitis, 27.8%
hypotension, 10.4% unevaluable, and 4.3% evisceration), and 130 patients (53.1%)
underwent evaluation with CT for possible NOM. Of those, 39 patients (30.0%) had
a positive CT and were subsequently operated on. All had significant intra-abdominal
injuries requiring surgical management. A total of 91 patients (70.0%) underwent
a trial of NOM (47 had equivocal CT findings and 44 had a negative examination).
Of these, 8 patients (8.8%) failed NOM and underwent laparotomy (all had
equivocal CT scans). Two patients had a nontherapeutic laparotomy; the remainder
had stomach (50.0%), colon (25.5%), and rectal (12.5%) injuries. The mean time
from admission to development of clinical or laboratory signs of NOM failure was
2 hours:43 minutes +/- 2 hours:23 minutes (0 hour:31 minutes-6 hours:58
minutes). All patients failed within 24 hours of admission.

CONCLUSION: In the initial evaluation of patients sustaining a GSW to the torso,
clinical examination is essential for identifying those who will require
emergency operation. For those undergoing a trial of NOM, all failures occurred
within 24 hours of hospital admission, setting a minimum required observation
period before discharge.

Iannitelli Safety Lecture Personal Protective Equipment

Our ED culture does pretty good with wearing gloves as PPE. We do less well with wearing masks and gowns. This is similar to what the literature reports at other large trauma centers.

We have had approximately 51 sharps and 17 splash reports for the hospital over the last year or so. The ED and Surgery residents have the highest rates of sharps injuries.

Through 2010 there have been 57 documented and 143 suspected HIV transmissions due to body fluid exposure for healthcare workers. There is a 1.8% risk of HCV transmission with needle stick injury.

You should wear a face shield, gloves, and gown when there is a reasonable risk of body fluid exposure. Basically when you walk into a trauma resuscitation, you should be using these protective devices.

Why do healthcare workers not routinely use PPE? Lack of availability, lack of convenience, lack of cues to risk of body fluid exposure, concerns about how patient and family members will perceive the doctor wearing PPE. Things that encourage use of PPE: having a personal incident of significant body fluid exposure, cultural shift of the department.

Easiest fix seems to be to make access to PPE more convenient in the ED. It would be optimal to have stocked PPE stations in easily accessible places throughout the ED.

Febbo Sepsis in the ED

This is a common and deadly disease. The mortality of sepsis is much higher than for an acute STEMI. (16% sepsis, 20%severe sepsis, 46% septic shock, 10% STEMI, 30% massive PE). This disease is treatable and mortality trends have been improving.

*SIRS Criteria Only about 20% of patients with SIRS have an infection.

*Sepsis Criteria

Sepsis is infection with systemic manifestations. Severe sepsis is infection with organ dysfunction. Septic shock is infection with hypotension refractory to fluids or Lactate >4.

4 Management priorities: recognize sepsis, broad spectrum antibiotics, resuscitation, and source control.

Tachypnea is an important clue to sepsis. Be vigilent for intra-abdominal infections. Send lactates early and often. Don’t delay empiric antibiotics for diagnostic results. Elise comment: Lactates from VBG’s are more accurate than the ones from the lab. Time to running the test in the lab is probably a big reason for higher (inaccurate) lactates from the lab. Robbie comment: At South Sub, point of care lactates are available.

Antibiotics should be administered within one hour. 7% increase in mortality for every hour of delay.

Source control is frequently overlooked. Remove indwelling urinary or vascular catheters. Surgically treat nectrotizing infections, gangrenous organs, and pus collections. Source control should be obtained within 12 hours.

By the book, patients with septic shock from C-diff should be considered for hemi-colectomy. Harwood comment: I always get a surgical consult in these patients. If they don’t rapidly improve they should get surgery for hemi-colectomy.

EGDT by Rivers shows 17% decrease of in-hospital mortality and 50% decrease in sudden CV collapse.

Process Trial showed we no longer need protocolized care. After a decade of learning the basic tenants of EGDT standard non-protocolized therapy does just as well as a protocol. Aggressive early fluid management is a cornerstone of management. 30ml/ Kg should be your initial bolus. Erik Kulstad said that LR should be the fluid of choice for sepsis resuscitation. To evaluate further for fluid responsive shock, passive leg raising and watching for a BP elevation within 5 -10 minutes is very specific for fluid responsive hypotension.

Norepinepherine is first line pressor. Epinepherine is second line pressor. Give steroids if pressors are not working.

Transfuse at a hemoglobin of 7.

Elise comment: I still think sepsis protocols are useful for docs that are either early in their careers or don’t manage sepsis routinely.

Procalcitonin has no real utility in the ED. It is more useful a few days out. In a patient who has been in the hospital for 2 days with no clear source who is improving and procalcitonin is normal, it is ok to stop antibiotics.

Conference Notes 7-9-2014

July 9, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Lambert U/S Image Acquisition and Instrumentation

Medical use ultrasound is very similar to sonar used for naval/submarine applications. Sound waves are sent out of the transducer and the sound waves reflect off objects. The ultrasound machine measures the time it takes for the sound wave to return and creates an image based on these time differences as well as the number of reflections from objects of different densities.

On the ultrasound screen, the objects closest to the probe are located at the top of the screen (near field). More distant objects are lower on the screen (far field). The more echos that an object/organ reflects to the probe, the brighter the object will be on the screen.

Acoustic impedence depends on the density of the tissue and the speed of U/S in tissue. These differences account for varied images you see on the screen.

Ultrasound waves travel very slowly in air compared to soft tissue. This tends to scatter the sound waves and lessens image quality. That is why air in the bowel/lung are the enemies of the ultrasonographer

The curvilinear probe is the “work horse probe” for the emergency physician It is a low frequency probe that has a greater depth of ultrasound penetration into tissue but less resolution. This is good for imaging the abdomen.

High frequency linear probe has less depth of tissue penetration but higher resolution . This is good for identifying more superficial structures such as abscesses, vessels, and foreign bodies.

Low frequency sound waves have greater depth penetration but less resolution. High frequency sound waves have less depth penetration but greater resolution.

Near field: Top half of the screen image.

Far field: Bottom half of screen image. You loose some resolution in the far field due to loss of sound energy and more widely dispersed sound waves.

Phased array probe is different than other probes. It’s crystals are not arranged in a linear fashion like the curvilinear or high frequency linear probe. This probe has a very narrow field of view in the near field and a wide view in the far field. It is excellent for finding a window of view through ribs.

Conventional Ultrasound planes: The dot on the screen points to the head in the longitudinal/sagital orientation and to the patient’s right side in the transverse /axial orientation. The coronal plane is similar to longitudinal/sagital plane but the probe is on the side of the body.

*Imaging planes

Hyperechoic: An object causes more ultrasound reflections than the surrounding tissues. Hypoechoic: An object that causes less ultrasound reflections than surrounding tissues. Anechoic: an object causes no ultrasound reflections (example would be water).

High attenuating objects cause a lot of reflection of the ultrasound waves (bone, gallstones) and you get a shadow on the screen beyond this object. Ultrasound wave can’t get beyond this high attenuating object.

*Gallstone causing shadowing

The diaphragm can cause a mirror image artifact. You will see an image of the liver on both sides of the diaphragm. Same with the spleen when you image the left side.

Use the depth switch on the ultrasound machine to optimize your image on the screen. You want the object of interest to take up the vast majority of the screen.

Use gain buttons to optimize the brightness of your image. The ultrasound machine has controls for gain in the near field, far field and overall image.

You want to see your area/object of interest in two planes. You want to see the object to the extent of it’s boundaries.

Lambert FAST Exam

FAST=Focused Assessment of Sonography in Trauma. FAST is the best initial screening modality in trauma patient management

FAST exam has improved the decision making whether to take a trauma patient to the OR.

Indications: Chest or Abdominal trauma, Trauma in the Pregnant patient, Unexplained Hypotension.

The goal of the FAST is to find blood in the peritoneal cavity, chest cavity or pericardium. Can also look for pneumothorax in the chest.

Subcostal view is an effective way to look for pericardial fluid. Aim probe to patient’s left chin and probe indicator should be to patient’s right side. You are trying to obtain a 4 chamber view. Any fluid between the liver and heart in this view is in the pericardium.

*Subcostal view with pericardial fluid

Next view is Parasternal long view of the heart. Try to get the image with apex of the heart to the left side of the screen. Fluid in the pericardium can be seen between the heart and the descending aorta.

*Parasternal long view with pericardial fluid

Look for hemoperitoneum in Morrison’s pouch or the spleno-renal recess.

*Fluid in Morrison’s pouch between liver and kidney with the RUQ view

*Small Fluid in the spleno-renal recess

Last abdominal view in the FAST exam is the suprapubic window. Look for fluid posterior or around the bladder.

*Suprapubic view with fluid around bladder

Last thing to check is bilateral lungs for pneumothorax. Ultrasound is very sensitive and specific for pneumothorax (High 90’s% for both). Look for non-movement of pleura between the ribs.

FAST is primarily for the trauma patient but emergency physicians use aspects of the FAST for many other problems such as shock, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and dyspnea.

Neal Lyons Update to Sepsis Order Set

There are new time expectations to get a lactate, give fluids, antibiotics (3 hours) and pressors and second lactate (6 hours)

Initial Fluid bolus is 30ml/kg

First line pressor is norepinephrine. Second line pressor is epinephrine. Elise comment: norepinepherine can be given peripherally at low dose until you get a central line placed. Low dose dopamine peripherally is no safer than norepinephrine peripherally.

Lambert and Team Ultrasound FAST Workshop

Conference Notes 7-3-2014

July 3, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Here's to the start of another outstanding academic year! Welcome to all the new ACMC EM Interns!

Beckemeyer/Girzadas Oral Boards

Case1. 30 yo pregnant female presented after MVC. Patient had hypotension, abdominal pain/cramping and vaginal bleeding. FAST showed no intra-peritoneal blood and the fetus was bradycardic. Traumatic Placental Abruption with associated DIC was the diagnosis. Critical actions were to place patient in left lateral decubitus position to off-load the IVC, resuscitation with blood products and fluids, consult OB to perform emergent c-section. One learning point was that in this situation it would be prudent to activate the massive transfusion policy. These patients may require large quantities of PRBC’s, platelets, FFP and cryoprecipitate. Another key point is that ultrasound is insensitive for diagnosing placental abruption. However, if ultrasound is positive for abruption, it is very specific. In the stable patient, fetal monitoring has a higher sensitivity for picking up abruption.

Case2. 40 yo male presents with palpitations and rapid heart rate. EKG showed an irregular rhythm with both wide and narrow complexes.

Diagnosis was AFIB with WPW aberrant conduction.

Critical actions: attempt chemical cardioversion with procainamide (preferred choice), ibutilide, or amiodarone. When the patient decompensated and became hypotensive, proceed to electrical cardioversion. Harwood made the point that Afib can be resistant to electrical cardioversion so it was prudent to perform cardioversion at an initially high dose like 150-200J.

Case3. 6 yo female with gross deformity of her left elbow after falling from her bike. Xrays showed a Gartland 3 supracondylar fracture. Critical actions were to treat pain, perform a careful NV exam, and arrange urgent/emergent surgery. There was general agreement among the faculty that they would not attempt closed reduction of a displaced supracondylar fracture unless the neurovascular status of the affected limb was severely impaired and there was going to be a significant delay to get the patient to the OR. If the patient has a diminished radial pulse, check for warmth of fingers, cap refill, pulse ox wave form of fingers of affected extremity, and doppler the radial pulse. If any of these are present and you can get the patient to surgery within 2-4 hours just keep patient in the position of comfort and no need for the emergency physician to attempt closed reduction.

Lovell/Urumov/C. Kulstad How to Give a Good Lecure

First tip: To give a more engaging lecture minimize your use of power point. Try to think of non-powerpoint methods to interact with the audience.

Be sure you have your technology pre-tested, and make sure it is working before you try to use it during a presentation.

Elise gave a “bad presentation” example and the audience made the following comments: You need to have good contrast between fonts/background on your slides. Spell check your slides. Get out from the podium to interact with the audience. Change up your intonation and pace of speech to keep the audience engaged. Limit your slides to 6 lines with only 6 words in each line. More than that is too much. Reading your slides verbatim is the marker of not being prepared/putting the talk together at the last minute.

The audience is only capable of picking up 3 key points from any lecture. So hammer home those points.

Elise’s “good talk” example was given next: Talk had an exciting title that immediately hooked the audience. She asked the audience questions. Each topic started with a relevant case example. She gave focused learning points. The lecture points were very EM clinically oriented. She hammered home the key points repeatedly. More useful diagrams on her slides. Slides had no more than 6 lines with 6 or less words in each line. She knew her audience and really presented the topic in an EM relevant way. She wrapped up the talk with a nice summary/wrap-up/repeat of the key points. Harwood comment: Powerpoint is not all bad. It helps you organize your topic. It allows you to use pictures and videos and give info in a concise way. The key is to be interactive when using powerpoint.

Andrej’s “bad talk”: Audience comment: Anrdrej was apologizing for his talk. Multiple spelling errors on his slide. Too much data on a slide. He had a phone call interruption during his talk. He was very non-specific in his learning points. Poorly developed explanations of the information on his slides. He started reading his slides facing away from his audience and toward the screen. Impossible to read his slides due to lack of contrast. Unappealing slides. Distracting transitions. Weak opening. Self-undercutting of his authority. Playing with coins in his topic was very distracting.

Iannitelli comment: About 10% of the population is color bind so black/white and blue/yellow or blue/white are better than most other colors.

Andrej’s “good talk”: Much more interesting title. Slide colors were very good. He engaged the audience and asked them questions and examples. Kept slides to six lines with no more than 6 words per line. Graphs and charts were much more clear and he explained them with much more clarity.

Christine’s “bad talk”: Too much info on the slides. Pictures on the slides were very small. She was shifting back and forth constantly while facing the screen. She frequently contradicted herself while speaking. There were misspellings on the slide. Her video link did not work.

Christine’s “good talk”: Much more interesting title. Pictures larger and more pertinent to her presentation. Much fewer words on each slide. She faced the audience while speaking. Not constantly shifting back and forth. The explanation of each slide was much more clear. The intonation and pace of her speech was much more varied and effective.

Elise comment: Always finish your talk early to be respectful of peoples’ time.

Beckemeyer and Permar Resuscitation of the Critically Ill/Cardiac Arrest Patient

The ABCDEF's of critical thinking during a resuscitation.

A=Aorta and acidosis. Always consider these two entities as causes of shock.

B=Bagging and Baby on Board. Avoid hyperventilating patients and always consider that a female may be pregnant

C=Compressions and Cooling. Push hard and fast for CPR and Cool the patient when you get ROSC.

D= Defibrillation/CPR push hard and push fast/Cool the patient if you get ROSC. Keep compressions going when you are charging the defibrillator. There is some debate about the safety of compressions during defibrillation. Harwood comment: it is probably safe. Erik comment: there is no way for the person doing compressions to sustain a shock from the defibrillator.

D=Drugs/Dextrose Consider overdose and hypoglycemia in the altered critically ill patient. Multiple attendings said they had intubated patients who were later found to be hypoglycemic.

D=DOPES mnemonic for ventilation/oxygenation problems with ventilator. Dislodgement/Obstruction/Pneumothorax/Equipment failure/Stacking breaths in COPD/Asthma

E=Effusion and Embolus Pericardial effusion can look clinically like a PE. Do an echo before you start treating PE. The treatment for these two diseases is markedly different. Electrical alternans is classically associated with pericardial effusion. Echo can be helpful identifying both diseases. EKG in PE can show S1Q3T3 and/or t wave inversion inferiorly and anteriorly.

If BP improves markedly with intubation consider the diagnosis of PE. Positive pressure ventilation improves the hemodynamics of the PE patient.

F=Forget about it. These don’t work for resuscitation: Bicarb, mag, lidocaine, and atropine. Lidocaine and defasiculating meds for RSI. Trandelenburg positioning.

LVAD Team Care of the LVAD Patient

Most patients would survive for awhile if the LVAD battery power ran out. Some would die in a few minutes.

All patient who get an LVAD have an EF <25%. They are all in class 3-4 heart failure.

LVAD has been shown to improve quality of life and survival. The LVAD team has a patient who is still working as an anesthesiologist with an LVAD!

All VAD’s have the same 4 components: 1. Inflow cannula in the apex of left ventricle pointing at the mitral valve. 2. Mechanical pump. 3. Outflow cannula to the aorta. 4. Drive line. The drive line is connected to a controller. The LVAD team has seen multiple patients present through the ED with a disconnected drive line. This simple problem can prove to be fatal.

If a patient presents with critically low battery power. Call SHU or 9E/W to get extra batteries brought down.

Everyone in the audience was given the opportunity to connect/disconnect the drive line and battery packs to practice. If a patient is in the ER with a disconnected drive line or battery, these need to be re-connected ASAP. Some patients have died due to a disconnected drive line.

There should be a VAD Coordinator in the hospital from 7a to 7p. If they are not physically present in the ED they are available by phone. ASHU is another resource to contact if you have any difficulty getting a VAD Coordinator.

Resucitation: Chest compressions are indicated during resuscitation if the pump is not working (If the pump is not working, it will be alarming). If the pump is working and not alarming, you don’t need to do CPR because the pump is working.

It is thought that good chest compressions prevent clotting of an LVAD with pump failure. Defibrillation is OK for V-fib. Never disconnect patient from LVAD equipment. If the pump is not working it is ok to give milrinone to increase contractility. It is ok to give levophed for hypotension.

If AICD is firing, get the AICD interrogated. There is a phenomenon of “phantom shocks” in patients who have been shocked multiple times in the past. Consult the EP cardiologist. The LVAD team fixes the plumbing (LVAD) but doesn’t deal with the electricity (AICD). The most common problem causing AICD firing is hypovolemia. Dehydration from the flu is enough to cause hypovolemia and AICD firing.

Depending on how high the flow rate is set on the LVAD, a patient may or may not have a pulse. Accurate measurement of BP is only possible via an A-line in a patient with no pulse. You may be able to hear a single kortokof sound when taking a brachial bood pressure using a Doppler. In a pulseless patient that sound corresponds most likely to a mean arterial pressure. In a patient with a pulse the kortofkoff sound corresponds to a systolic pressure.

It is ok to give cautious fluids to a patient you think is hypovolemic. Echo may be helpful to determine if a patient is hypovolemic. You may see LV collapse due to the pump sucking all the blood out of the under-filled LV.

If the VAD is not alarming, the VAD is working. In an altered patient with a non-alarming LVAD, the patient’s altered mental status is likely due to a non-VAD cause.

Elise comment: In a hypotensive LVAD patient that does not have a pump alarm going off you have got to look for non-VAD causes. LVAD team response: Get CT head for stroke, check their HGB (significant anemia for these patients is around 7-8), do a rectal exam for GI bleeding, look for sepsis, check an LDH and peripheral smear for hemolysis.

There is one case of pump failure that won’t cause the pump to alarm and that is a clotted pump. The pump doesn’t alarm because it is still running. However it can’t pump clotted blood. These patients will present with chest pain, SOB, acute heart failure, and hemolysis (LDH > 1000). These patients need to go to the OR immediately for a new pump.

Best central line approach in the LVAD patient is a Right IJ.

Conference Notes 6-11-2014

June 12, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Farewell to the Class of 2014! You are an awesome class and we are going to miss you! (See pic below)

No conference notes for the next two weeks: Pig Lab next week and Intern Orientation starts the following week. We'll pick back up with conference on July 2nd.

Kmetuk/Bolton Oral Boards

Case 1. Infant presents with Jaundice. Total bili is 22 with indirect bili predominating. Diagnosis was breast feeding jaundice. Critical actions: Get rectal temp, order CBC/coombs/smear/fractionated bilirubin, administer IV fluids, initiate phototherapy. Most common jaundice is physiologic. Always be alert for sepsis causing jaundice in an infant(Look for fever, poor feeding, not well appearing). Infants can also have breast feeding or breast milk jaundice. Elise comment: I don’t routinely get a coombs test on jaundiced infants, unless there are signs of hemolysis on the CBC or the patient appears ill. Harwood comment: you gotta plot out the bilirubin level on the time graph.

*Bilirubin/Time Chart for Phototherapy

Case 2. Patient presents with pulseless/painful leg. Pt was also found to have afib. Critical actions: Give pain medication, start IV heparin, consult vascular surgery. If you get an ABI to evaluate arterial flow in a limb, any measurement less than 0.9 is a concern. Less than 0.5 mandates urgent vascular consult. Girzadas comment: If you identify a pulseless extremity, think Afib, dissection, and endocarditis in addition to severe atherosclerosis. Harwwod comment: You have to check every pulse in the affected extremity to try to identify where the clot is.

Case 3. 18yo male with SOB. Patient was found to be cyanotic. Methemoglobin level was elevated to 55%. Pulse ox was 85%. Further history identified that the patient was using “poppers” Critical actions: Intubation, get ABG with co-ox/metHgb, administer IV methylene blue (1-2mg/kg). MetHGB can be measured on VBG. Patients with G6PD don’t respond to methylene blue. Poppers are amyl nitrate inhalers and are used for getting high and for sphincter relaxation. Girzadas comment: Andrea and Ted always make the point that if you see a pulse ox of 85% you gotta think methemoglobinemia. Andrea comment: Methemoglobin produces a light wavelength that gives you a pulse ox of 85%. Andrea comment: Don’t give narcan to an intubated patient. It’s just poor form. You have the airway managed so narcan will do nothing for the patient except possibly agitate them.

Elise comment: Check pupils and skin to identify a toxidrome in any tox case on oral boards.

Hemming Penetrating Neck Injuries

Zone 1 of the neck: Includes lungs, aorta, subclavian vessels, vertebral arteries, esophagus

Zone 2: cricoid to angle of mandible: Largest/Most commonly injured area

Zone 3: Angle of the mandible to base of the skull. Difficult surgical access.

Girzadas comment: To remember if zone 3 is at the top or the bottom, think 3^rd ventricle. There is not 3 of anything in the chest . Humerous Elise comment: There are 4 ventricles though! Maletich comment: I think of an elevator going up to the third floor.

* Zones of neck with structures in each zone

Hard signs of significant neck injury: active external bleeding, bruit or thrill, expanding/pulsatile hematoma, oropharyngeal bleeding, sucking neck wound, neuro deficit. subQ air, blood in oropharynx, stridor.

Traditional approach: If there is physical sign of penetrating injury to neck:

zones 1&3 if the patient is stable, should get CT angiography/endoscopy/

bronchoscopy.

zone 2 should go to OR for exploration (stable or unstable).

There is a “no zone” approach: If penetration of any zone and stable, then patient gets a CT angio +/_ esophogoscopy/bronchoscopy. If significant injury found then patients goes to OR . Unstable patients go to OR without imagng.

Flexible endoscopy has very high sensitivity for esophageal injuries. CT can miss some esophageal injuries.

1/3 of vertebral artery injuries are asymptomatic. Most do not have neurologic sequelae.

Zone 2 injuries with physical findings require exploration.

RSI is considered safe

Physical exam is a powerful tool to identify significant neck injuries.

Elise comment: Is trauma taking all Zone 2 injuries to OR? Hemming response: If patient has no hard signs of injury and a non-threatening bullet trajectory, they will do CT/endoscopy.

Harwood comment: If I was working in a non-level 1 hospital and was confronted with a patient who had suffered a penetrating neck injury, my general approach would be to first intubate those who need it . Next, any Zone 2 injury gets trasnferred to the nearest Trauma Center. Zones1 & 3 with low risk signs symptoms can be managed selectively with CT Angio and possibly not get transferred. This raised a lively discussion about who to transfer. The majority of faculty would transfer all penetrating neck injuries and not try to manage any of them at a non-level 1 ED.

Carlson Toxicology Axioms

16 yo female with epigastric pain. There was family conflict preceding this episode of pain. Pt had prior history of cutting and overdose. Labs show hyperglycemia and acidosis. ASA is undetectable. On further lab investigation, Iron level was 800. If you see hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis think ASA and Iron. Axiom: It’s not tox until you think of tox.

Tox Mimicry: It looks like Food poisoning: could be CO, digoxin, arsenic. You suspect SubArachnoid Hemorhage: think CO. You are considering Meningitis: Think ASA. Ibuprofen overdose can also give meningeal signs. Looks like Sepsis: think cyanide, calcium channel blockers, asa. You are pretty sure it is DKA: consider Iron, AKA, ASA, toxic alcohols, CCB’s, cyanide. Pt has Acute psychosis: consider hallucinogens, sympathomimetics, salicylates, digoxin, anticholinergics, alcohol/sedative withdrawl.

46 yo male with hx of MS and depression. Acutely confused. Family suspects baclofen overdose because they can’t find the baclofen bottle. Pt was febrile and hypertensive. Pt had abdominal pain and diarrhea. This is a classic picture of baclofen withdrawl not baclofen overdose. Pt had placed the plastic jar containing all his baclofen in his rectum for no logical reason. So he did indeed have baclofen withdrawl. All his baclofen was in the plastic bottle that was shoved in his rectum.

Male in respiratory distress after using “cocaine”. Patient clinically has SLUDGE syndrome. Cocaine does not normally cause a SLUDGE toxidrome, it causes a sympathomimetic toxidrome. The Cocaine was cut with malathion (organophosphate insecticide) causing SLUDGE. Axiom: Know your Toxidromes. Opioid, sympathomimetic, sedative-hypnotic, anticholinergic, cholinergic, opioid withdrawl. Kelly comment: we had a case recently of a patient with an opiod appearing toxidrome that turned out to be a pontine hemorrhage. Kind of a reverse tox mimic.

Axiom: Check your Ego at the door. Don’t be shy, call the poison center for help.

3yo male found with open bottle of Tylenol. PMD sent child to ED to get NG tube and activated charcoal. ED doc should always calculate the worse case scenario based on type of medication and the size of pill bottle. Check APAP level at 4 hours. No need for NG and charcoal. If 4 hour level is toxic, start NAC. If it is non-toxic, patient can be discharged. Axiom: Sometimes it is OK to do nothing. It is OK not to decontaminate. Just document that the risks of decontamination outweigh the benefit. Decontamination options are gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation. The senior faculty had a chuckle about how times have changed when a quick survey showed that none of the current residents had ever done a gastric lavage on a patient. Old school faculty reminisced that we all did probably 3 lavages a weekend when we were residents. Definitely the emergency management of toxic ingestions has evolved significantly over the years. All faculty were glad that we don’t have to lavage patients hardly ever anymore.

44yo female who overdosed on INH. Antidote is pyridoxine gram for gram. Axiom: Don’t get caught with your scrubs down. As soon as you start to consider this diagnosis, call the pharmacy to start mobilizing enough pyridoxine. You might need to call other hospitals. Pyridoxine is usually only stocked in limited amounts. Atropine is also under-stocked in the hospital if you have to manage a cholinergic poisoning. Elise comment: In a pinch, you can have a patient with a cholinergic toxidrome drink atropine eye drops which actually has a large amount of bioavailable atropine.

46yo male took 35 tabs of Verapamil SR. Atropine, Ca, glucgon, insulin/glucose all given with no significant improvement. The poison control center found that the emergency physician was under-dosing all the above meds. Axiom:It’s toxicology, not homeopathy. Give the patient enough antidote! Ingestions that need a lot of antidote: CCB’s, Beta blockers, organophosphates, botanical glycosides, flourides, clonidine, sodium channel blockers, INH, gyromitra.

Patient ingested OCP’s and Etoh in a suicide attempt. Pt was deeply comatose. ETOH level was 110. Initial APAP/ASA, ABG is normal. Repeat labs showed anion gap and metabolic acidosis. Toxic alcohols were drawn late and were negative. Pt still was dialyzed and found to have toxic alcohol ingestion. Toxic alcohols were low because they had been metabolized by the time the blood was drawn. Toxic alcohols are more intoxicating gram per gram than ETOH. Axiom: There are toxicologic hidden killers.

Hidden or delayed killers: APAP, Iron, MAO’s, methanol, amanita mushrooms, sustained release drugs, and illicit drug packets.

22yo female possibly took whole bottle of theophylline. Charcoal given. Theophylline level was therapeutic. Pt admitted to psych. 9 hours later pt had seizures due to a theophylline level that was toxic. Axiom: Sometimes you need to get serial drug levels. Serial levels advised for asa valproate (SR), lithium (SR), carbamazepine (SR), CO from methylene choloride, and theophylline.

16 yo male with a seizure at a party. Axiom: Most tox patients will do well with supportive care alone. The top 2 things show to improve mortality are managing the airway and controlling hyperthermia. Other important management items are treating hypotension, correct acid/base disorders, control seizures/agitation.

Negro Safety Lecture The Agitated Patient

50% of physical attacks that occur on healthcare workers happen in the ED.

Our main job is to gain control of the situation, protect staff, and rule out an organic cause for the agitation.

These cases have high physician medico-legal risk and have a high patient morbidity and mortality.

Agitation can be primary or secondary. Primary causes are due to patient’s psychological response to stressors such as police, family, financial stress. Secondary causes are drugs, psychiatric illness, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, etc.

Elise comment: Never let an agitated patient get between you and the door. Residents’ comment: Be aware of your safety in the quiet room. Do not let too many people into the quiet room when you have to give the family bad news. Make sure you can get out the door at all times.

Indications for restraint: prevent harm to patient, staff, or other patients.

Physical restraint: This is a team activity. You should have 5 staff members to physically restrain a patient. Never place the patient in prone position. The patient should be supine. Arms should be restrained one up and one down. Left leg restraint should be tied to right of cart and right leg restraint should be tied to left side of cart.

*patient physical restraint. Only quibble with this image is that leg restraint should be tied to opposite side of cart so patient can't kick out.

Chemical restraint: Using a drug to manage a patient’s behavior or limit their movement.

Start with a benzo. Long acting benzo (Ativan) usually preferred. Second drug is an atypical antipsychotic such as IM Geodon. Pharmacist comment: Geodon can prolong QT interval. Elise comment: If I have a suspicion of a risk of long QT, I would stick with higher dose benzos +/_ ketamine 5mg/kg IM or 2 mg/kg IV instead of using antipsychotics.

Typical psychotics that can be used are droperidol or Haldol. These also carry risks of QT prolongation.

Febbo comment: don’t mix zyprexa with benzo’s due to risk of increased respiratory depression.

Weingart suggestion (EMCrit): 5mg droperidol and 5 mg of versed IM.

Agitated or Excited Delerium: pt is completely out of control, pt is psychotic, vitals show tachycardia, tachypnea, htn. Pt has incredible strength. Many deaths have been reported. Taser-related deaths are commonly associated with this disorder. These patients require rapid chemical restraint. They are very dangerous to themselves and others.

Iannitelli comment: Be aware of personal risk when you approach a patient to examine them. Place your hand on the patient’s closest arm so you can push away rapidly if they reach for you.

EM-3 Farewell Lecture

Conference Notes 6-4-2014

June 5, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Purnell/Patel Oral Boards

Case 1. 15 month old presents with choking/drooling/possible seizure. Temp is 37.7. No PMH and no meds. By the time the physician examines the patient the event has resolved. CXR shows coin lodged in esophagus at clavicles (thoracic inlet). Critical Actions: Consult GI for endoscopic removal of coin. Most coins (70%) get stuck at the thoracic inlet. 15% lodge in mid esophagus and 15% at lower esophageal sphincter.

Case 2. 33 yo male presents with no pulse. Pt was electrocuted while working on power lines. Rhythm on monitor is ventricular fibrillation. Patient requires defibrillation. Labs show markedly elevated CK. Patient also has a compartment syndrome of the forearm. Critical Actions: Defibrillate, start amiodarone, give aggressive IV hydration for rhabdomyolysis, get emergent surgery consult for fasciotomy for compartment syndrome. Update Tdap. Cosnult Burn Center. Elise comment: Don’t say I want to shock the patient. You need to specifically say either “I am going to cardiovert the patient” or “I am going to defibrillate the patient”. Any time patient’s clinical status changes, be sure to re-evaluate the whole patient just as you would do in real practice. Be sure to differentiate between escharotomy and fasciotomy. Escharotomy is cutting through severely, circumferentially burned skin to relieve tissue compression. This patient had compartment syndrome for electrical burn and needed fasciotomy. Most likely mechanism of injury is heating of bone which has high electrical resistance and resultant injury to surrounding muscle compartments. Also, in the patient who suffered severe electrical injury consider other injuries such as C-Spine injury or head injury.

*Fasciotomy (google image)

*Escharotomy (google image)

Case 3. 27yo female presents with generalized seizure. Patient also has fever/tachycardia/hypertension. Urine pregnancy test is negative. Patient was travelling through airport and developed seizure while in customs. Critical Actions: Initial Ativan terminates seizure. Patient was intubated for airway protection when her mental status did not clear and she had pooling secretions in her airway. Patient was found to be a drug packer. IV Ativan given again. IV phentolamine was also given for severe hypertension. Consult surgery for emergent laparotomy. Difference between packer and stuffer: Packers carefully wrap drugs to prevent spillage and put a large amount of these packages in their gut. Stuffers rapidly put un-packed drug in their mouth and swallow it to avoid arrest for drug possession by unexpected arrival of police.

*Drug Packer (google image)

*Drug packages removed from above patient (google image)

Maletich comment: If you are going to lap a patient should you be giving whole bowel irrigation? Elise comment: If patients are toxic from the drug they packed, you go to surgical mode and patient should get an emergent laparotomy. WBI is only for asymptomatic packers. Christine comment: Be aggressive with benzos in the management of cocaine toxicity. Elise comment: Any oral boards patients from the airport will likely be a tox case or an infectious disease case.

Harwood comments: patient 1 needs to get endoscopy, patient 2 needs to go to a Burn Center, patient 3 needs to go to OR. The choice of phentolamine for hypertension related to cocaine toxicity was excellent.

EM/PEDS Joint Conference Appendicitis

There still is a lot of controversy regarding the best management of appendicitis.

In a patient with high likelihood of appendicitis do you need imaging? Lobe response: If the diagnosis is clear cut I don’t need imaging. Other surgeons present felt ultrasound as the first imaging study was safe and indicated in most patients being evaluated for appendicitis.

Mary Ann Collins comment: In uncomplicated appendicitis we chose cefoxitin antibiotic coverage peri-operatively based on antibiograms for gram negative gut flora and anaerobes.

Lam comment: Approximately 50% of ultrasounds for pediatric appendicitis are non- diagnostic. Collins and Slidell comments: Radiology is working to decrease their rate of non-diagnostic ultrasounds. CT imaging does carry radiation risk. You can lower the dosage of radiation for CT’s in kids. This is protocolized for all kids getting an appendicitis CT study here at ACMC.

Lo comment: A non diagnostic U/S is not entirely unhelpful info. The fact that nothing was seen on the U/S does lower the risk of appendicitis.

Slidell comment: MRI for pediatric appendicitis works well. It may be something we will start doing in the near future. 2013 study of MRI for appendicitis showed 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity of MRI for appendicitis with no radiation exposure. This modality is probably useful only for teenagers due to the need for the patient to be very still.

In a patient with moderate probability for appendicitis: When the ultrasound is indeterminate, is there a role for serial exams instead of going to CT? Panel all agreed that serial exams have a role.

If U/S is read as negative, does that rule out appendicitis? Panel agreed yes it does.

If U/S is positive for appendicitis can the patient be treated with antibiotics instead of surgery? Surgeons’ comments: There is a limited role for antibiotics as definitive appendicitis management but we don’t have good criteria to select which patients will succeed with antibiotic management.

There was agreement that if there is a radiologic diagnosis of appendicitis and OR is planned for several hours later then starting IV antibiotics is indicated.

Harwood comment: Which antibiotic and when is the best option for uncomplicated appendicitis that is waiting to go to OR? Slidell and Collins response is the answer is not clear. Very muddy waters. Cefoxitin is a reasonable choice. Surgeons prefer that ED physicians start antibiotics in ED.

Slidell Un-Complicated Appendicitis

There is much variability both nationally and internationally regarding the management of appendicitis.

Atypical presentations occur in 50% of cases. The diagnosis is more difficult in kids less than 4 years old, females, and those with co-morbid illness.

There may be different types of appendicitis that have different courses of illness.

Most hospitals have a negative appendectomy rate from 0-17% median is about 2.5%.

Median range of ruptured appendicitis is 37%.

Median LOS for uncomplicated appendicitis is 1.8 days. Ruptured appendicitis patients stay for 5.2 days.

Laparoscopic surgery is the predominant approach for surgical management of appendicitis.

Risk factors for complicated appendicitis: poor healthcare access, children under 4 years old, co-morbid illness.

No increase in perforation rate or morbidity if surgery is delayed 12-24 hours. In general outcomes are better during day time compared to night time surgery.

Timing of surgery within 12-24 hours of presentation does not affect outcome or complication rate of appendicitis. There are studies showing that delaying surgery beyond 24 hours does increase perforation risk. Bill Schroeder comment: What is the start time for all these studies, onset of symptoms, time of presentation to ED, or time of radiologic diagnosis? Slidell response: It is not standardized in these studies. My take is that we should operate as soon as possible and 12-24 hours from ED presentation seems reasonable.

Children operated in the morning after overnight antibiotics had lower rate of abscess formation.

Antibiotics for appendicitis: Peri-operative antibiotics for 24 hours in un-complicated appendicitis. Perforated appendicitis gets about a week of antibiotics. Gangrenous appendicitis falls somewhere in-between. At ACMC we include gangrenous appendicitis in the perforated group and manage them with 7 days of antibiotics.

Treatment of appendicitis with antibiotics only has a success rate of about 70% vs. 97% success rate of surgery. (Cochrane review of mostly adults). 20-50% of patients treated with antibiotics alone will eventually need surgery for appendicitis within the next 12 months.

Small study of kids recently showed that 27 of 30 kids managed with antibiotics only had no problems by 6 moths.

Possible risks factors for failure of antibiotic therapy are: fecolith on imaging, duration of symptoms more than 24 hours, WBC>18, elevated CRP. There is a current multi-center study based at U of C assessing this issue.

Harwood comment: Kids managed with antibiotics will need imaging their whole life if they have abdominal pain. Also it has been shown that patients treated with antibiotics tend to have a higher incidence of chronic abdominal pain.

Some surgeons make the analogy that non-complicated appendicitis is essentially a version of diverticulitis. If you treat with antibiotics, it makes the surgery no longer an emergency. Appendectomy becomes semi-selective once antibiotic therapy has been initiated. This is not the concept that lay people have known previously. Harwood comment: The analogy is not perfect. You have one appendix and potentially hundreds of diverticuli. Diverticulitis has a high cure rate with antibiotics @99%. Appendicitis cure rates with antibiotics are @70%. There is a very low risk surgical procedure to treat appendicitis. Surgery for diverticulitis has higher risks and at times results in colostomy. So uncomplicated appendicitis has worse cure rates with antibiotics and lower risks associated with surgery than diverticulitis.

Advanced Procedure Lab

Conference Notes 5-28-2014

May 29, 2014 Daniel Girzadas

Chan Study Guide Genitourinary

In a female with recurrent uti’s you have to treat presumptively for STD’s. Treat with ceftriaxone and azithromycin and flagyl. Elise and Harwood comment: You should treat for GC/Chlamydia/Trich. Also you should consider interstitial cystitis as a diagnosis. Girzadas asked the question if other faculty are checking EKG’s for long QT interval prior to prescribing Zithromax. Most faculty felt Girzadas was being overly compulsive. Girzadas said he has picked up a couple of patients with QT intervals over 500 with screening ekg’s. Most faculty were not swayed.

Fournier’s gangrene: polymicrobial etiology, aggressive infection in genital/ perineal region. Requires emergent surgical debridement. Most commonly this occurs in poorly-controlled diabetic males. Antibiotic coverage should include gram positives & negatives and anaerobes.

There was a discussion among faculty about asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant patients. Elise and Kelly get a formal urinalysis on pregnant patients in the ED to look for bacteriuria. If they find it, they treat for a week. Harwood does not look for bacteriuria with a formal urinalysis. He just does a urine dip and makes a treatment decision based on that. Resident reports about our OB clinics is that they don’t routinely screen for bacteriuria. Faculty felt they have a different patient population than we do and we may need to look for this more aggressively.

Up to Date Reference: Bacteriuria has been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and perinatal mortality. In clinical practice, only one screening voided urine specimen is typically obtained, and treatment is usually started in women with ≥10⁵ cfu/mL without obtaining a confirmatory repeat culture. Multiple studies have been performed to assess whether rapid screening tests, such as dipstick, enzymatic screen, reagent strip, or interleukin-8, might have comparable sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value to urine culture for the detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women [20-22]. These methods do not come close to urine culture in terms of sensitivity and specificity and should not be used.

Girzadas comment: It looks to me like you probably need a urine culture to definitively diagnose asymptomatic bacteriuria.

There was a discussion about the difference between the terms pathognomonic and sine qua non: Pathognomonic is a very specific symptom or sign. Sine qua non is a very sensitive symptom or sign.

Treatment of priapism: Aspirate corpora cavernosa. If that doesn’t solve the problem, and inject 1ml of diluted phenylephrine into the corpus cavernosum every 3-5 minutes until resolution. Harwood comment: you don’t have to inject both sides. There is a vascular communication between both corpora cavernosum.

Attempt at detorsion of testicular torsion should be the technique of “opening the book” If you get partial relief with 180 degrees of detorsion it is ok to detorse further. If your attempt worsens pain, try using the “close the book” technique. Pt’s still need surgery after successful manual detorsion because they are at risk for recurrent torsion.

*Open Book Detorsion Technique

Epididymitis: >35 yrs old is more likely due to ecoli. <35 is more likely STD #1 is chlamydia and #2 is GC. If you get an U/S diagnosis of epidydimitis in a child, Cindy said she was told by Dr. Nold that the diagnosis is more likely torsed appendix testes. Most faculty would manage this child with a urine culture, starting antibiotics to cover ecoli and give an NSAID for possible torsed appendix testes. Kelly comment: There is literature supporting conservative management with no antibiotics in kids with an ultrasound diagnosis of epididymitis. Treat only if pyuria is present or urine culture comes back positive.

3 anatomic locations where kidney stones get stuck in the ureter: ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim/crossing over iliac vessels, ureterovesicular junction. If a stone makes it to the disal third of the ureter, 70% will pass spontaneously.

*Kidney stone anatomic areas of getting stuck

Balanitis= inflammation of the glans. Balanoposthitis=inflammation of glans & foreskin.

Paraphimosis reduction techniques include: compression with ace bandage, osmotic agents, puncture technique, forceps retraction, and dorsal slit procedure.

Paraphimosis puntcure technique

Avoid urinary catheterization in patients who can void spontaneously and can sit on a bed pan/commode or ambulate to bathroom. You want to avoid catheter associated uti’s in these patients.

Intraperitoneal bladder rupture: gross hematuria in 98% of patients. Usually it occurs in a patient with a full bladder who suffers a compressive force (MVC) causing bladder to rupture at dome. Extraperitoneal bladder rupture usually is due to a pelvic bone fragment perforating the bladder.

*Intraperitoneal bladder rupture (you can visualize bowel loops due to contrast)

*Extraperitoneal bladder rupture

Negro/Herron Oral Boards

Case1. 50yo male exposed to unknown gas in a train station. Multiple casualties at this incident. Pt has diarrhea and vomiting. HR=40. SLUDGE (cholinergic) toxidrome. Diagnosis: Nerve gas (organophosphate) poisoning. Critical actions: decontamination, personal protective equipment Atropine hi dose, 2-PAM (Pralidoxime), , airway control if needed. Avoid succinylcholine in these patients because there is competitive inhibition of the succinylcholine by the cholinergic agent. Use rocuronium in higher than normal dose Kelly , Harwood, and Elise comment: Step one in managing these patients is using personal protective equipment, decontamination of the patient, getting unnecessary personnel away from the resuscitation room. EMS personnel know this but ED docs don’t do this naturally. We need to address resuscitation safety for our team first before we start treating the patient. Andrea comment: Your first call should be to a poison center. They can mobilize atropine resources. You frequently will use up your hospital resources of atropine. Girzadas comment: In a previous conference notes it was discussed that having a patient drink atropine eye drops actually can provide a very large dose of atropine for a patient in a mass casualty event if IV atropine is not available.

Case2. 23yo female with lower abdominal pain and shuffling gait. On exam, patient has CMT. U/S is negative. Diagnosis: PID with peritonitis. Critical actions: IV antibiotics, admission. Not all PID patients need to be admitted. Criteria for admission for PID : pregnancy, non-compliance with treatment, not improving with oral meds, TOA, high fever, nausea and vomiting, severe abdominal pain/peritonitis, need for surgery, other possible diagnoses like appendicitis.

Case3. 15yo male presents pulseless after sustaining blunt trauma to chest in hockey game. EKG shows V-fib. Diagnosis: Commotio cordis Critical actions: Defibrillate, IV Epi, CPR, Intubate. Therapuetic hypothermia. Elise comment: Don’t intubate this patient first. The key thing is defibrillation. Shock first and then do all the other stuff like intubation and meds second.

*Commotio cordis

Maletich M & M

24 yo female with a CC of flank pain. Patient was diagnosed with a kidney infection and started treatment with macrobid the day prior. The clinical setting in the ED was very busy, rife with distractions. At this ED visit, the patient had bilateral flank tenderness and abdominal tenderness on exam. Jim orders a CT of abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast. Labs significant for HGB =8.9. No UCG available yet. The ED attending intervenes at this point and performs bedside U/S. U/S shows fluid in Morrison’s pouch. The attending asks the patient are you pregnant? Patient states yes. The management of the case rapidly changes gears to resuscitation of a hypotensive ectopic pregnancy. In OR patient was found to have a ruptured cornual pregnancy.

Jim questioned how this occurred. Why was the patient bradycardic, and why was there no vaginal bleeding?

There are multiple papers describing that vital signs fail to correlate with hemoperitoneum in ruptured ectopic pregnancy. This postulated to be due to increased parasympathetic tone from peritoneal stimulation.

*ectopic pregnancy location

Cornual ectopics are also known as interstitial ectopic pregnancies. These are in the muscle where the fallopian tube originates. These occur later in pregnancy. When these rupture, they can bleed quite a bit. Cornual pregnancies account for 2% of ectopics but unfortunately also 44% of the deaths. Harwood comment: The artery in the cornual section of the uterus is large and if there is rupture in that vicinity they bleed severely.

Blood in the wrong place is painful. Blood irritates the peritoneal cavity.

Sola comment: The pregnancy test in a child-bearing age female is really equivalent to a vital sign.

You can use the patient’s blood to run a urine pregnancy test if you are facing delays getting urine.

Anna Sklar’s comment: This case is an example of framing bias. The patient was triaged to a lower acuity area of the ED.

Andrea’s comments: We are all pattern seekers and building your pattern on the report of an inexperienced student’s exam is fraught with hazard. You really need to see the patient yourself so that you don’t have premature closure based on an incomplete or inaccurate pattern.

Sola comment: If there is a long wait for a CT scan, get an U/S to the bedside.

Elise comment: Our own emotional baggage taints how we view the patient.

Girzadas comment: These are all great comments describing how different biases affect our thinking when we are at work. Often when most needed our thinking is foggy when we are working in a busy ED environment. When we are working in the ED our thinking is not as clear as when we are sitting in the conference room discussing the case.

McKean comment: This patient is in shock and is not making much urine. That is why it was tough to get urine.

Harwood comment: Bile and gastric fluid are the most irritating fluids to the peritoneum. You will see relative bradycardia due to blood in the belly multiple times the rest of your career. It is not that uncommon. You can send blood for a qualitative HCG in the lab which is pretty quick or you can run the urine preg test with the patient’s blood.

Anna Sklar comment: Give the patient the benefit of the doubt. Before you chalk up the patient’s behavior to dramatics give them all your thought and effort to rule out life threats.

Cash/Lovell Resident as Clinical Teacher

Elise showed a funny video of a pedantic surgeon teaching young surgeons at the bedside. Pedantic teaching techniques don’t work very well: Aggressive yelling, not being respectful of learners, focusing on minutia, not giving learners time to think, ignoring the patient.

Characteristics of Great teachers: Energy level, approachable, enthusiasm, engaging. They take the time to ask you challenging questions. Hold you accountable. Give you usable feedback. Elise comment: It is optimal to highlight feedback to the learner by saying explicitly, “I am going to give you some feedback now.”

The literature says great teachers have very positive non-cognitive skills like positive relationships, communication, and enthusiasm. Your medical knowledge and technical skills are important but are considered a baseline that all teachers must have. The non-cognitive skills separate the adequate teachers from the great teachers.

Excellent teachers state these are important behaviors: tailor your teaching to the learner. Actively involve the learner. Give the learner responsibility for their learning. Actively seek opportunities to teach. Agree on expectations. Be a role model. Thinking out loud is a good way to convey your thought process.

Traditional teaching: Teacher-centered method . Teacher functions as expert consultant. Learners are passive. Learners don’t express clinical reasoning skills.

Newer teaching model: Learner-centered teaching. Teachers focus time on finding knowledge gaps and teaching to that gap. Teachers act as facilitators. Learners ask more questions and actively pursue knowledge.

One minute preceptor model:

Get a commitment from the learner. Have them say what they would do in the situation.
Probe for supporting evidence. Identify the learner’s knowledge gaps.
Teach a principle. Give a pearl to the learner.
Reinforce what was done well. Give positive feedback on what they knew or what they did well.
Correct mistakes
Identify next learning steps. Encourage the learner to continue independent learning after the encounter.

These don’t all have to be done every time.

The residents then practiced using this model.

Unfortunately I missed the rest of this outstanding lecture due to a meeting.

ACMC EM Conference Notes